Chemistry

What is Matter Anything that has mass and volume

Atoms Atom: the basic unit of matter. Subatomic particles: neutrons, electrons, and protons.

Subatomic Particles Protons (+) and Neutrons Electrons (-) Nucleus Same mass Electrons (-) In the electron cloud in constant motion Less mass Electron – Proton + Neutron

Elements Element: pure substance that consists of only one type of atom. 1 or 2 letter symbol Atomic Number: # of protons Atomic Mass: # of protons + neutron. 6 C 12.011

Isotopes atom with a different number of neutron ID by atomic mass same chemical properties unstable nucleuses  give off radiation scientific testing, cancer therapy, and to date objects

Compounds Compound: the combination of two or more elements,; water, glucose, and methane Atoms are held together by chemical bonds. Smallest unit of a compound is a molecule. H2O C6H12O6 CH4

Types of Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds

Ionic Bond The transfer of an electron from one atom to another atom. Ions: positively and negatively charged atom. Positively charged atoms lose electrons. Negatively charged atoms gain electrons. F- K+ S2-

Ionic Bond

Covalent Bonds The linkage of two atoms by the sharing of two electrons. Permits each atom to have a stable closed-shell electron configuration. Molecule: combination of two or more atoms

Covalent Bond

Formulas Chemical Formula: represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule H2O, CaO, H2SO4 Structural Formula: represent how atoms are joined and arranged in various models Single line: single bond Double line: double bond

Chemical Reactions Synthesis: 2 or more atoms, the reactants react to form a product A + B  AB Decomposition: reactant molecule breaks into simple molecule or atoms AB  A + B Exchange Reaction (Replacement): reactants exchange partners AB + CD  AD + CB

Reactions Reversible Reaction: products of reaction can change back into the reactants Double Arrow: A + B ↔ AB Catalyst: a molecule or atom that increases reaction rate without being changed by the reaction

Acids and Bases Electrolyte: compounds that release ions in water and conduct electricity NaCl  Na+ + Cl- Acids: release H+ HCl  H + + Cl- Bases: release OH- NaOH  Na+ + OH-

pH A logarithmic scale that measures the concentration of H3O+ Neutral: 7 Acidic: < 7 Basic or Alkaline: > 7

Chemical Constituents of Cells

Organic vs. Inorganic Organic: compounds containing C and H Nonelectrolytes: don’t dissolve in water as ions Don’t conduct electricity Inorganic: compounds that don’t contain C Electrolytes: dissolve in water as ions conduct electricity

Inorganic Substances Water: universal solvent Oxygen: used to release energy from sugar Carbon Dioxide: cellular metabolism byproduct Salts: abundant in tissues and fluids Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, PO43+ Transport, muscle contraction, and nerve impulses

Organic Substances Carbohydrates: energy source C, H, O (CH2O)n Stored as energy reserves Building materials Monomer: monosaccaride glucose, fructose Polymer: disaccarides or polysaccarides Glycogen, sucrose

Lipids C, H, O C57H110O6 Fatty Acids and Glycerol Fats, Oils, Waxes, and Steroids Insoluble in water Fats: energy storage

Triglyceride

Lipids Saturated: maximum no. of H No double bonds Unstaturated: less than the maximum no. of H Double bonds

Proteins C, H, O, N Structural material, energy sources, and enzymes Enzymes: catalysts Protein: made up of amino acids 20 different amino acids in nature Function depends on order of amino acids and how it is folded

Protein

Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Compose DNA and RNA Monomer: nucleic acid Genetic material Monomer: nucleic acid 5-sugar, phosphate group, nucleotide

DNA