Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: The Dawn of a New Era?

Introduction

Incidence of Pediatric MS or ADS: Data From Individual Countries and MS Centers

Incidence of Pediatric MS by Age and Sex in Germany

Pathology of Pediatric MS

More Extensive Acute Axonal Damage in Pediatric MS Compared With Adult MS

2017 McDonald Criteria

MS Disease Course Across the Age Span

Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes

Diagnostic Criteria for Neuromyelitis Optica-Spectrum Disorders

2017 McDonald Criteria for Demonstration of Dissemination in Space and Time

MRI Features of MS in Pediatric Patients

Why Pediatric MS Should Be Treated

Challenges of Treating Pediatric MS

Issues With Adherence in Pediatric MS

Main Treatment Steps for Pediatric MS

Studies of DMTs in Pediatric MSc

Tolerability of Subcutaneous Interferon-Beta1a: Retrospective Observational Study in Pediatric MS

Breakthrough Disease: US Network of Pediatric MS Centers

Fingolimod Compared With Interferon-Beta1a in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: PARADIGMS

PARADIGMS: Results for Relapse and Rate of New Lesions

PARADIGMS: Tolerability

Clinician’s View of the Findings I

Clinician’s View of the Findings II

Clinician’s View of the Findings III

Summary of New Findings and Future Perspectives

Other Management Considerations in Pediatric MS: Lifestyle Approaches

Obesity Increases Risk for Pediatric MS and for Relapse

Pediatric MS and Counselling Patients About Smoking and Other Risk Behaviors

Importance of the Health Care Team

Closing Remarks

Abbreviations