Differentiation Purpose- to determine instantaneous rate of change Eg: instantaneous rate of change in total cost per unit of the good We will learn Marginal Demand, Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Marginal Profit

Marginal Cost : MC(q) What is Marginal cost? The cost per unit at a given level of production That is, MC(q) is the cost for an additional dinner, when q dinners are being prepared

Marginal Analysis First Plan Cost of one more unit

Dinner Example Example 1. We consider the cost function C(q) = C 0 + VC(q) = $63, , ln(q) that was developed in the Expenses and Profit section of Demand, Revenue, Cost, and Profit. Recall that a restaurant chain is planning to introduce a new buffalo steak dinner. C(q) is the cost, in dollars, of preparing q dinners per week for 1,000 q 4,000.

Differentiation, Marginal We can use a calculator or Excel to compute values of MC(q). For example, Thinking in terms of money, the marginal cost at the level of 2,000 dinners, is approximately $6.79 per dinner. Similar computations show that MC(2,500) $5.43 and MC(3,000) $4.53. Since the marginal cost per dinner depends upon the number of dinners currently being prepared, it is helpful to look at a plot of MC(q) against q. This is created in the sheet M Cost of the Excel file Dinners.xls. (material continues) Differentiation. Marginal Analysis: page 2 IT Dinners.xls C

Differentiation, Marginal Differentiation. Marginal Analysis: page 3 (material continues) Looking at the plot on the left or checking Column D in M Cost, we see that the First Plan marginal cost decreases considerably as q increases. Hence, there is an economy of scale as more dinners are produced. This is consistent with the expectations of business common sense. IT C Dinners.xls

Marginal Analysis- MC(q) is best defined as the instantaneous rate of change in total cost, per unit. Final Plan Average cost of fractionally more and fractionally less units difference quotients Typically use with h = 0.001

Marginal Analysis Ex. Suppose the cost for producing a particular item is given by where q is quantity in whole units. Approximate MC(500). h=0.001 In terms of money, the marginal cost at the production level of 500, $6.71 per unit

C(q) = $63, , ln(q) Ex. Suppose the cost for producing a particular item is given above. where q is quantity in whole units. Approximate MC(1000) when h=0.1

Marginal Analysis Use Final Plan to determine answers All marginal functions defined similarly

Differentiation, Marginal Many aspects of the demand function are reflected in properties of the difference quotients for marginal demand, and in the marginal demand function. D(q) is always decreasing. Hence, all difference quotients for marginal demand are negative, and MD(q) is always negative. The more rapidly D(q) drops, the more negative are the difference quotients, and the further negative is MD(q). Differentiation. Marginal Analysis: page 8 (material continues) I Values for all of our mar- ginal functions are computed in the sheets M Cost and M Profit of the Excel file Dinners.xls. The graphs of MD(q), MR(q), and MP(q) are also displayed in those sheets.-feb4 T C Dinners.xls

Differentiation, Marginal positive, and MR(q) is positive. For example, MR(1,300) is approximately $20. Thus, when 1,300 dinners are prepared and sold, the restaurant chain takes in $20 more for each extra dinner. Likewise, where R(q) is decreasing, MR(q) is negative. This shows that the maximum revenue will occur at the value of q where the marginal revenue is equal to 0. Computations in the sheet M Profit show that MR(2,309) = $0.01 and MR(2,310) = $0.01. Hence, the maximum revenue occurs at either 2,309 or 2,310 dinners. Direct computation shows that the maximum revenue is R(2,310) = $45, Where the revenue function R(q) is increasing, the difference quotients for marginal revenue are (material continues) Differentiation. Marginal Analysis: page 9 IT C Dinners.xls

Differentiation, Marginal Marginal analysis can tell us a great deal about the profit function. Refer back to these plots while reading the next pages. Differentiation. Marginal Analysis: page 10 (material continues) IT C Dinners.xls

Derivatives Project (Marginal Revenue) - Typically - In project, -

15 Recall:Revenue function-R(q) Revenue in million dollars R(q) Why do this conversion? Marginal Revenue in dollars per drive

Derivatives Project (Marginal Cost) - Typically - In project, similarly, (Marginal Cost in dollars per drive) -

Derivatives Project (Marginal Cost) - Calculate MC(q) Nested If function, the if function using values for Q1-4 & 6 - IF(q<=800,160,IF(q<=1200,128,72)) In the GOLDEN sheet need to use cell referencing for IF function because we will make copies of it, and do other project questions =IF(B30<$E$20,$D$20,IF(B30<$E$22,$D$21,$D$22))

Recall -Production cost estimates Fixed overhead cost - $ 135,000,000 Variable cost (Used for the MC(q) function) 1)First 800,000 - $ 160 per drive 2)Next 400,000- $ 128 per drive 3)All drives after the first 1,200,000- $ 72 per drive

Derivatives Project (Marginal Profit) MP(q) = MR(q) – MC(q) - If MP(q) > 0, profit is increasing - If MR(q) > MC(q), profit is increasing - If MP(q) < 0, profit is decreasing - If MR(q) < MC(q), profit is decreasing

Derivatives Project (Maximum Profit) - Maximum profit occurs when MP(q) = 0 - Max profit occurs when MR(q) = MC(q) & MP(q) changes from positive to negative - Estimate quantity from graph of Profit - Estimate quantity from graph of Marginal Profit

Derivatives Project (Answering Questions 1-3) 1. What price? $ What quantity? 1262(Ks) units 3. What profit? $42.17 million

Derivatives Project (What to do) - Create one graph showing MR and MC - Create one graph showing MP - Prepare computational cells answering your teams questions 1- 3

Marginal Analysis- where h = MR(q) = R(q) 1,000 Marketing Project

Marginal Analysis- where h = In Excel we use derivative of R(q) R(q)=aq^3+bq^2+cq R(q)=a*3*q^2+b*2*q+c Marketing Project

Marginal Analysis (continued)- Marketing Project

Marginal Analysis MP(q) = MR(q) – MC(q) We will use Solver to find the exact value of q for which MP(q) = 0. Here we estimate from the graph Marketing Project

Profit Function The profit function, P(q), gives the relationship between the profit and quantity produced and sold. P(q) = R(q) – C(q)

28 Goals 1. What price should Card Tech put on the drives, in order to achieve the maximum profit? 2. How many drives might they expect to sell at the optimal price? 3. What maximum profit can be expected from sales of the 12-GB? 4. How sensitive is profit to changes from the optimal quantity of drives, as found in Question 2? 5. What is the consumer surplus if profit is maximized?

29 Goals-Contd. 6. What profit could Card Tech expect, if they price the drives at $299.99? 7. How much should Card Tech pay for an advertising campaign that would increase demand for the 12-GB drives by 10% at all price levels? 8. How would the 10% increase in demand effect the optimal price of the drives? 9. Would it be wise for Card Tech to put $15,000,000 into training and streamlining which would reduce the variable production costs by 7% for the coming year?

Reminder In HW 4 problems- methods of marginal analysis (except project 1 focus problems)