Jovian Planet Moons and Rings

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Presentation transcript:

Jovian Planet Moons and Rings Each planet has multiple moons and seem like “mini-solar systems” Moons are mostly made of ice, so quite soft and can be more active than similar sized rocky planets/moons Rings are made of individual small particles, orbiting like “micromoons”

A “Mini-Solar System” Many moons, 4 big ones found by Galileo, another 12 over 350 years from the Earth Dozens more by spacecraft imaging on fly-bys/orbits: most are captured asteroids Jupiter also has a narrow, faint ring system

JUPITER: The Galilean Moons Io and Europa -- smaller, rockier, differentiated Ganymede and Callisto -- further, bigger and icier; Ganymede is the biggest Moon in SS

Jupiter: Surrounded by Moons Named after lovers of Jupiter from mythology Galilean all have synchronous orbits Almathea: inside them (181,000 km from center; 260 km diameter) -- discovered in 1892 by Barnard 4 even smaller moons found inside Galilean (found by Voyagers and early Galileo) 4 moons around 11,000,000 km out: e and i high: captured asteroid(s); known from Earth 4 more captured moons around 23,000,000 km out: these have retrograde orbits. A total of 63 known in 2009 -- largest number of confirmed moons

IO: most active object in SS a = 422,000 km; D = 3640 km; M = 1.22 MMoon Multicolored surface: yellow, orange, red, brown, and white: sulfur & S compounds Rocky mantle; Fe/FeS core:  = 3.5 g/cm3 Strong tidal flexures: P = 1.77d = 1/2 P(Europa) = 1/4 P(Ganymede)  forced heating from resonant orbit Sulfur volcanoes blasting out particles Very smooth, young ( < 1 Myr) surface:flows Fills up Jupiter's plasma torus: ionized S atoms.

Io and its Volcanoes

EUROPA: Icy & Oceanic? a = 671,000 km D = 3130 km M = 0.65 Mmoon  = 3.04 g/cm3 Icy crust kms thick, temporary cracks Colored areas mostly mineral rich ices Probable 100 km thick ocean -- LIFE EXISTS(ED) THERE ???? Surface < 100 Myr old: new ice replacing old Less heating by tidal flexure than Io, but still a good bit warmed up from resonant orbits

Europa: cracked, oozy ice Liquid water on surface?

GANYMEDE: King of the Moons a = 1,070,000 km D = 5270 km M = 2.02 MMoon  = 1.93 g/cm3  very thick ice layer Rocky mantle, Fe/FeS core Many craters, many old ones survive Grooved terrain  plate tectonics at 3 Gy in the past Only satellite with a magnetic field

Ganymede

CALLISTO: Deadest of All Biggies a = 1,880,000 km D = 4800 km M = 1.46 Mmoon  = 1.83 g/cm3  mixture of rock and ice More craters, fewer faults, than Ganymede

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