Indian Classical Music and Davy Graham By: Catherine Durcan IB Music Theory

India: Demographics Population: 1,220,800,359 (July 2013 est.) Area: 3,287,263 sq. km Ethnicities: 72% Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, 3% Mongoloid and other Religions: 80.5% Hinduism, 13.4% Muslim, 2.3% Christian, 1.9% Sikh, 1.8% other, 0.1% unspecified Languages: 41% Hindi, 8.1% Bengali, 7.2% Telugu, 7% Marathi, 5.9% Tamil, 5% Urdu, 4.5% Gujarati, 3.7% Kannada, 3.2% Malayalam, 3.2% Oriya, 2.8% Punjabi, 1.3% Assamese, 1.2% Maithili, 5.9% other English is the subsidiary official language Capital: New Delphi Shares borders with Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, China, Nepal, and Pakistan Also borders the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal

Geography Climate: varies from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the north Terrain: -Upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in the south -Flat to rolling plains along the Ganges -Deserts in the west -Himalayas in the north

Hinduism: Influencing Indian Music Origin of Indian Classical music can be traced back to the Vedas, the primary sacred text of Hinduism. Four Vedas: Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and Arhtarva Veda Rig Veda: Divine Hymns, important prayers and the oldest, most important veda Sama Veda: Contains music to be sung and is the origin of Indian Classical Music. It defines the seven swaras (notes) and its music has been passed down through generations for over three thousand years Yajur Veda: Known as the karma veda. Describes rituals and sacrifices during the vedic period Artharva Veda: Contains magical remedies and chants for curing illnesses and a small number of incantations for cursing enemies

Main Features Raga: a melodic framework based on a set of notes Pieces are often improvised using the raga as the foundation of the piece Ragas can have 5-12 tones and some ragas have a different number of notes when they ascend and descend Each raga belongs to a modal structure called a thaat (in North Indian music) or a mela (in South Indian music) Notation: sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni, and sa Tala (or taal): the rhythmic pattern of a piece Sounds produced by the tala are often vocalized (e.g. dhaa, ga, ka, ke) These are called bols. Bols combined together create the tala. Monophonic Does not use harmony Requires use of a drone Dialogue between instruments

Instruments Sitar http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTPxqUtlLdo Tanpura Tabla Mridangam http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DnsXfc_nXK4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Joyk_EMtzn0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwFdBztKJiM

Instruments (continued) Kanjira Violin Used mainly in Carnatic music and is played using a different technique than in Western music Often used to accompany Carnatic (South Indian) vocalists http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hh3Hpy699LY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPPBoei6oCs

Hindustani VS Carnatic North India: Hindustani Hindustani Ragas are usually played at certain times of the day or during different seasons South India: Carnatic There are more Carnatic ragas than Hindustani because Carnatic music uses shrutis (semi-tones) which allow the creation of more ragas Use of the Violin is more prominent in Carnatic music Similarities: Both Hindustani and Carnatic music do share some of the same ragas however, they usually use different names and are played in a way that shows distinctive Hindustani or Carnatic Styles

Anoushka Shankar Daughter of the famous Indian sitar player, Ravi Shankar Started playing sitar at age nine and was taught by her father Debuted professionally as a classical sitar player at age thirteen Was the first Indian female and youngest ever nominee for a Grammy in the world music category Established herself as a well-known classical sitar player on a global scale in her twenties As a composer, Shankar blends Classical music with genres such as flamenco, jazz, electronica, and Western classical music

Raga Jog Traditional Hindustani raga Commonly used raga Traditionally sung or played in the hours just after midnight The word “jog” means a state of enchantment Uses the rhythmic cycle Adi Taal- an eight beat cycle Instruments: sitar, violin, tanpura, shehnai, and various Indian percussion such as the mridanga and kanjira The sitar, violin, shehnai, and percussionist each have a small solo part in the raga The violin is played in the Carnatic style http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wra4p4zARw http://vimeo.com/58801551 (full version)

Davy Graham (1940- 2008) British Folk-blues guitarist Influenced by traditional folk, blues, jazz, North African, Indian, and Arabic music Travelled often and his ideas were ahead of his time Travelled to India Most well-known piece, “Anji”, was released in 1962 Influenced many artists who came after him: Pentangle, John Martin, Martin Carthy, and Jimmy Page Created alternate tuning for the guitar called DADGAD Blended traditional Irish music and Indian Classical when he played the Irish folk song, “She Moved Through the Fair” in the style of an Indian raga http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76Yvw_Z ztQk (She Moved Through the Fair)

DADGAD Associated with Celtic music and Indian folk music Used in genres besides folk/traditional including rock, pop, New Age, and many more This tuning can be achieved from standard tuning by tuning the first, second, and sixth string down a whole step which creates an open D suspended chord and makes the tuning neither major nor minor DADGAD uses many movable chords that allow open strings therefore, when played it creates a drone effect

Sunshine Raga Released in 1968 Part of the album: Large As Life And Twice As Natural Uses an original tuning Graham created as a blend of eastern modal tunings Instruments: Guitar and drums The guitar is used to imitate the playing style of the sitar A drone effect is created by the open strings of the guitar The drums are played in the style of the tabla http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8nNauYpMpU

Comparison Similarities They are both essentially ragas Use of the drone Indian rhythmic ideas Playing style of the guitar and sitar are similar Monophonic

Comparison: Differences Raga Jog Sunshine Raga Use of the tanpura to create the drone Uses traditional Indian instruments and has a greater variety of instruments Pure traditional music Use of the guitar’s open strings to create a drone effect Uses only two instruments and they are not Indian instruments Fusion of different styles

Work cited http://www.carnatica.net/ragasystem.htm https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/in.html http://www.itcsra.org/sra_faq_index.html http://www.enlightengroup.org/the-four-vedas.html http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489518/raga http://india.tilos.hu/english_ragarend.html http://raag-hindustani.com/Scales1.html http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/581886/tambura http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/579723/tabla http://www.trinity.nottingham.sch.uk/music/gcse/indianClassicalAn dGamelan.aspx

Work Cited http://www.folkblues.co.uk/artistsgraham.html http://www.folkblues.co.uk/graham1968.htm http://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/dec/17/folk-blues-music http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3834429/Davy-Graham.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadgad http://www.anoushkashankar.com/biography/\ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/765595/shehnai http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/395591/mridangam http://www.trichysankaran.com/music/instruments/kanjira.html http://www.premierguitar.com/articles/13942 http://raag-hindustani.com/Scales3.html http://www.anoushkashankar.com/music/ http://raag-hindustani.com/Rhythm.html

Picture References: http://www.squidoo.com/only-in-india http://www.last.fm/music/Davy+Graham/+images/46397 http://www.ethnicmusicalinstruments.com/G-Rosul-49-Inch-Single-Tumba- Pro-Indian-Sitar-Extras.html http://kksongs.org/tanpura/mp3s.html http://artdrum.com/TABLA.HTM http://culturalsindia.blogspot.com/2012/06/indian-music-instruments.html http://tablasitar.net/mridangam-%E2%80%93-information-history/ http://www.indian-instruments.com/drums_and_percussion/kanjira.htm https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg http://www.amazingplacesonearth.com/category/asia/ http://www.hennadesignsguide.com/bridal-henna-designs/henna-makeup/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/kukkaibkk/5455426158/