FLASHBACK… What weakened Spain? Philip refused to declare bankruptcy They borrowed too much money from England/France Inflation and an unfair tax system paralyzed Spain The Spanish middle class became too powerful What did Philip seek to defend above all else? His territory in the New World His loving relationship with his wife Mary His fleet of Spanish ships, the Armada His religion, Catholicism

Deep thought Question 10/13/10 Imagine that the United States did not promise freedom of religion in the First Amendment. Describe what our society today would be like. Margaret Thatcher Former Prime Minister of England HAPPY BIRTHDAY!

FIRST COUSIN SECOND COUSIN Maria of Portugal Mary of England

NIECE Elisabeth of France Anne of Austria

Main Points: The Reign of Louis XIV Chapter 5, Section 2

Religious Wars Between 1562 and 1598 France was rocked with 8 religious wars. At this same time, Spain is powerful under Philip II and England powerful under Elizabeth I. The wars were between the Catholics and French Huguenots. Huguenots are Calvinist Protestants. Most notable war was the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre of 1572 depicted here ---------->

The Bourbon Dynasty France had been under the rule of the Valois dynasty Henry II was the last notable Valois. His wife was Catherine de Medici. Upon the death of Henry II, all three of their sons ruled, but Catherine was the regent in control. Upon the death of Henry III and his mother Catherine de Medici, Henry of Navarre was the heir apparent to the throne. He also had married Henry and Catherine’s daughter, Margaret. Henry of Navarre was a Huguenot, but changed his religion to Catholicism before his becoming king. Henry of Navarre would become Henry IV, first Bourbon king of France.

Healing Religious Wounds To end the religious wars Henry issued the Edicts of Nantes in 1598. Edict of Nantes A declaration of religious tolerance in France. Promised Protestants could live in peace in France. Allowed Protestants to set up houses of worship in some French cities. In 1610, Henry IV was assassinated. Many believe it was over his religious compromise.

Louis XIII Henry IV’s son, but not like his father. Louis XIII was weak. He appointed a strong minister to make decisions in his name. Cardinal Richelieu, in effect, became the ruler of France

Meet Cardinal Richelieu

Richelieu's Decisions Steps to increase the power of the Bourbon Monarchy 1. He moved against the Huguenots and forbade Protestant cities to have walls. That way Protestants had a hard time defending their cities. 2. He weakened the power of the French nobles. Nobles had to take down fortified castles. Government agents were appointed from the middle class, not noble class. 3. Richelieu involved France in the Thirty Years War to limit Hapsburg Power.

Skepticism Intellectual philosophy based on the idea that nothing can be known for certain. Thinkers became “skeptical” of Church doctrine Old ideas Absolute power

Louis XIV (1638-1715) Son of Louis XIII and Anne Became king at the age of 4 when his father, died. Cardinal Jules Mazarin became regent of France until Louis was of age to rule. Mazarin’s Decisions as Regent Mazarin ended France’s participation in the Thirty Years War in 1648 Increased taxes on Nobles Strengthened the Central government France’s nobles hated Mazarin

Louis XIV: of Age to rule Louis took control of France at age 22. Actions as an absolute monarch. Weakened power of nobles and increased power of government officials called intendants. Intendants collected taxes and administered justice. Appointed a Minister of Finance Jean Baptiste Colbert – believer in mercantilism Expanded manufacturing to make France self-sufficient Encouraged migration to Canada to increase fur trade.

Louis XIV: Absolute ruler Louis eventually became the strongest king of his time. He boasted “L’etat, c’est moi” Translation: I AM THE STATE! Nickname: The Sun King France had the largest population in 1660 with the most superior army. Louis would use his reign to make France the most powerful nation on earth.

Great Granddaughter of Philip II The Marquise de Maintenon The Wives of Louis XIV FIRST COUSIN Maria Theresa of Spain Great Granddaughter of Philip II Françoise d'Aubigné The Marquise de Maintenon

His Mistresses

Louis XIV’s WArs Invasion of the Spanish Netherlands War of Spanish Succession Caused by fear of French domination when Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip of Anjou became King of Spain in 1700 England, Austria, Netherlands, Portugal, German & Italian states joined to prevent the union of France and Spain Ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1714

Consequences of War France was weakened by Louis’s decisions Louis repealed the Edict of Nantes. Protestants left France in droves, many were middle class merchants hurting the economy. Wars were costly and poor were heavily taxed. France was in debt due to war and Louis’s lavish patronage of the arts. Poor harvests increased suffering of France’s poor. Result: People of France rejoiced when Louis XIV died.

Positives of Louis’ Reign During Louis’ reign, France was powerful. France was the military leader of Europe. France ranked first in the arts, literature and statesmanship.

Tomorrow… So how does Louis XIV “show off” his power? We will look at the Palace of Versailles, a.k.a. the House that Louis built

Exit Questions What was the cause of France’s civil wars between 1562-1598? Who did the Edict of Nantes promise to protect? What was one way that Louis XIV hurt France with his decisions?