Three-dimensional MRI-based statistical shape model and application to a cohort of knees with acute ACL injury V. Pedoia, D.A. Lansdown, M. Zaid, C.E.

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Three-dimensional MRI-based statistical shape model and application to a cohort of knees with acute ACL injury V. Pedoia, D.A. Lansdown, M. Zaid, C.E. McCulloch, R. Souza, C.B. Ma, X. Li Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 23, Issue 10, Pages 1695-1703 (October 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.05.027 Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of the principal curvatures on the reference surfaces of tibia and femur. (a) Tibia maximum curvature k1. (b) Femur maximum curvature k1. (c) Tibia minimum curvature k2. (d) Femur minimum curvature k2. Directions are labeled in the figure. M: medial, L: lateral, A: anterior P: posterior. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2015 23, 1695-1703DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2015.05.027) Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Results of the Femur bootstrapping experiment. Spatial distribution of the vertex displacements assigned to mode values equal to: mean +3*standard deviation and mean – standard deviation. Each row represents a different modes form 1 to 5. The first column shows the model obtained with the whole cohort (119 knees). The rows 2–6 show the spatial distribution of the displacement for the different bootstrap together with the average distance between the fully sampled model. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2015 23, 1695-1703DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2015.05.027) Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Results of the Tibia bootstrapping experiment. Spatial distribution of the vertex displacements assigned to mode values equal to: mean +3*standard deviation and mean – standard deviation. Each row represents a different modes form 1 to 5. The first column shows the model obtained with the whole cohort (119 knees). The rows 2–6 show the spatial distribution of the displacement for the different bootstrap together with the average distance between the fully sampled model. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2015 23, 1695-1703DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2015.05.027) Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Representation of the model's compactness: cumulative % of the variability expressed in function of the number of modes considered in the model. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2015 23, 1695-1703DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2015.05.027) Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Modeling of the principal component F2 (a, c) and T3 (b, d) of the scale-preserved model. In the first row Mean +3STD. in the second row Mean −3STD. Directions are labeled in the figure. M: medial, L: lateral, A: anterior P: posterior. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2015 23, 1695-1703DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2015.05.027) Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Displacement of the vertices modeling the difference between injured and control knees in the modes F2 (a), T3 (b) of the scale-preserved model. The black arrows show the direction of the displacement represented in each mesh. Posterior to anterior: positive values (red) displacement towards anterior direction, negative values (blue) displacement towards posterior direction. Medial to lateral: positive values (red) displacement towards lateral direction, negative values (blue) displacement towards medial direction. Distal to proximal: positive values (red) displacement towards proximal direction, negative values (blue) displacement towards distal direction. The white arrows show locally on the mesh the directions of the vertexes displacement. Directions are labeled in the figure. M: medial, L: lateral, A: anterior P: posterior. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2015 23, 1695-1703DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2015.05.027) Copyright © 2015 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions