The Science of Biology Chapter 1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for reproduction or display Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Five Basic Characteristics of living things 1. Life is organized: What is Life? Five Basic Characteristics of living things 1. Life is organized: Atoms, molecules Cells Tissues, organs Populations, community Ecosystem, biosphere Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

What is Life? Five Basic Characteristics (continued) 2. Energy is required Photosynthesis, respiration 3. Living things sense and respond Homeostasis 4. Living things grow & develop 5. Reproduction

General principles used to predict specific results. The Nature of Science Deductive Reasoning General principles used to predict specific results. Inductive Reasoning Arriving at a conclusion based on observations. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution In Darwin’s time, most people believed species had not changed over time Darwin argued species change due to forces in nature. Served as naturalist on mapping expedition around coast of South America.

H.M.S. Beagle Voyage Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for reproduction or display

Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection Darwin studied the work of other scientists: Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology talked about the age of the earth being billions of years Most people believed earth to be only thousands of years old

Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection Thomas Malthus’s Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) Populations grow geometrically but resources grow arithmetically. Organisms have the potential to produce more offspring than can survive Limited by resources

Darwin’s Evidence Darwin observed characteristics of similar species varied from place to place. Geographical patterns suggested lineages gradually change as species migrate. Animals and plants on relatively young islands closely resembled those on nearby South American coast.

Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection Darwin made the association that individuals that possess certain characteristics are more likely to survive than those that do not possess those characteristics. Favorable characteristics are passed on to offspring. Over time, frequency of the favorable characteristics increases in the population.

Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection Darwin knew animal breeders selected certain varieties to produce certain characteristics (artificial selection). Noted character differences appeared to be greater than those in wild populations. Suggested evolutionary changes could occur in natural populations as well. Natural Selection

Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection Darwin’s Timeline Original draft of The Origin of Species finished in 1842. Shelved for 16 years. Alfred Wallace sent manuscript with similar ideas to Darwin in 1858. The Origin of Species released in November 1859.

Evolution After Darwin: More Evidence Fossil Record- shows organisms have changed Age of the Earth- shows Earth is quite old Mechanisms of Heredity- DNA shows relationships among living things Comparative Anatomy- shows relatedness Molecular Biology- Development Patterns-

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies