Marine microbial diversity Guillem Salazar, Shinichi Sunagawa  Current Biology  Volume 27, Issue 11, Pages R489-R494 (June 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.017 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Key scientific and technological advances in marine microbial ecology. A selection of the main scientific events in the history of marine microbial ecology are represented through time in the upper panel. The major technological developments related to DNA sequencing are represented in the middle panel. Large-scale sampling campaigns, both in time and space, are indicated in the lower panel. Current Biology 2017 27, R489-R494DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.017) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Roadmap for an omics-based biogeography. (A–C) Individual genotypes along two hypothetical environmental gradients (for example, temperature and nutrient concentration); symbols (squares, triangles and circles) represent the grouping of genotypes into three different OTUs defined by sequence similarity based on a taxonomic marker gene, such as the 16S rRNA gene (A). The access to pangenomic information (B) reveals the existence of genes (empty red and blue rectangles) that may be shared by all the genotypes within an OTU (the case of circles) or may be present/absent in populations within an OTU, and thus reveal new biogeographical patterns (the case of squares and triangles). The set of genes that differ between populations are the candidates for adaptation; that is, those genes coding for traits that increase the fitness of the genotype in its present niche compared to others. The addition of transcriptomic information (C) reveals which of the genes contained in a genotype are expressed (filled rectangles). The differences in expression between subpopulations may indicate acclimatization processes, that is, modulation of the expression of a given genotype without genetic changes. (D,E) Increase in resolution through the addition of pangenomic and transcriptomic information; the three OTUs defined with a taxonomic marker gene (D) may be subdivided into populations with pangenomic (E) and with transcriptomic differences (F). Current Biology 2017 27, R489-R494DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.017) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions