The Programming Process Define the problem * Make or buy software? Design the program * Code (write) the program Test (debug) the program Document the program *

Define the Problem What do you want to solve? What is the objective? What is the question?

Define the Problem You need: Clear, specific statement of goal Expected output Expected input

Define the Problem You need to know: Constraints? Special conditions? Make a plan

Documentation improve readability you remember others understand maintenance

Design a Solution break the problem into smaller parts break subproblems into smaller solvable components do other solutions exist? pros and cons of each solution solve each subproblem integrate the solutions to the subproblems to solve the original problem * * * * *

Structured Programming Not one giant step Many small tasks Programmer concentrate on details Usually done in teams

Structured Programming Reduces time (and $) Different modules Errors isolated Design written in code

Introduction Dumb Machines Algorithms pseudocode structure charts flowcharts

PSEUDOCODE Logical steps Written in English begin game display instructions pick a number between 1 and 100 repeat turn until number is guessed or seven turns are completed input guess from user respond to guess end repeat end game display end message Logical steps Written in English Indenting for logical structures

Flowchart Logical steps represented by standard symbols * display instructions get number is number even? Yes No continue *

Test the Design Does it solve our problem? no - select another design - return to the analysis of the problem yes - move on

NO plan, NO help Implement the Design NO plan, NO help Lease creative part Choose a language Write the code NO plan, NO help NO plan, NO help NO plan, NO help NO plan, NO help *

Design Example Linear Search Problem: Find the largest number in a list Algorithm: call the 1st is the largest call the 2 nd current (cont.) *

Design Example Linear Search 1 while we are not finished 2 compare the largest to the current 3 if current > largest 4 label current as largest 5 call next number in the list current 6 repeat the while 7 output the largest 5 call next number in the list current *

Programming Languages Over 200 languages Language depends upon task COBOL Logo C++ ADA Pascal FORTRAN BASIC

Introduction Levels of Computer Languages: Low machine assembly

Introduction Levels of Computer Languages: High COBOL Pascal FORTRAN Logo

Introduction Levels of Computer Languages: Mid-level C C++

Introduction Procedural languages Object-Oriented languages (OOP)

Computer Can’t Understand COBOL FORTRAN Pascal BASIC ADA LISP

Introduction Translation to Machine Language Interpreter Compiler linker

Introduction source code object code .exe file compiler - h-files used linked to libraries .exe file * *

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) OOP Concepts Polymorphism Encapsulation Inheritance Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

OOP Concepts Encapsulation Self-contained unit Data Abstraction Usable without knowing how it works

OOP Concepts Inheritance Polymorphism * *

OOP Concepts class = a user-defined data type A class contains variables called objects and functions called methods.

“I discovered I always have choices, and sometimes it’s only a choice of attitude.” Judith M. Knowlton