Volume 28, Issue 5, Pages 710-722 (May 2008) Human Effector and Memory CD8+ T Cell Responses to Smallpox and Yellow Fever Vaccines  Joseph D. Miller, Robbert G. van der Most, Rama S. Akondy, John T. Glidewell, Sophia Albott, David Masopust, Kaja Murali-Krishna, Patryce L. Mahar, Srilatha Edupuganti, Susan Lalor, Stephanie Germon, Carlos Del Rio, Mark J. Mulligan, Silvija I. Staprans, John D. Altman, Mark B. Feinberg, Rafi Ahmed  Immunity  Volume 28, Issue 5, Pages 710-722 (May 2008) DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.020 Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Identification of Activated CD8+ T Cells after Vaccination CD38 and HLA-DR expression on CD8+ T cells after YF-Vax (A) or Dryvax (B) immunization. Heparinized whole-blood samples from vaccine recipients were stained with antibodies against CD3, CD8, CD38, and HLA-DR. FACS contour plots were gated on CD3+, CD8+ cells. YFV in the blood was quantitated by a real-time PCR. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean for three volunteers. Immunity 2008 28, 710-722DOI: (10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.020) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Identification of Proliferating and Proapoptotic CD8+ T Cells after Vaccination Ki-67 and Bcl-2 expression in CD8+ T cells after YF-Vax (A) or Dryvax (B) immunization. Heparinized whole-blood samples from vaccine recipients were stained with antibodies against CD3, CD8, permeabilized, and subsequently stained for intracellular Ki-67 and Bcl-2 expression. FACS contour plots were gated on CD3+, CD8+ cells. Immunity 2008 28, 710-722DOI: (10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.020) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Kinetics of the YFV- and VV-Specific CD8+ T Cell Responses (A) PBMCs from YFV-immunized donors, stimulated with YFV-infected SW-480 cells and analyzed for IFN-γ-producing cells. (B) IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells in PBMCs from nine donors immunized 60 days before, stimulated with overlapping peptides spanning the YFV polyprotein. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean for three volunteers. (C) PBMCs from Dryvax immunized donors stimulated with VV and analyzed for cytokine production. (D) Percent of CD8+ T cells that produce IFN-γ in response to VV stimulation. Immunity 2008 28, 710-722DOI: (10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.020) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Analysis of Bystander CD8+ T Cell Activation after YF-VAX or Dryvax Vaccination Heparinized whole-blood samples from YFV- and VV-immunized volunteers were stained with HLA-B8 EBVRAK (A) or HLA-A2 INFGIL (B) tetramers and antibodies against CD8, CD38, CD62L, and Ki-67. FACS plots are gated on CD8+ T cells. Immunity 2008 28, 710-722DOI: (10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.020) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Tracking VV-Specific CD8+ T Cell Responses by MHC Class I Tetramer (A) PBMCs from volunteers immunized with the smallpox vaccine were stained with HLA-A2 VVCLT tetramer and antibodies against CD3 and CD8. (B) The percentage of HLA-A2 VVCLT tetramer-specific CD8+ T cells as a proportion of total CD8+ T cells were plotted over time for five vaccinated volunteers. (C and D) HLA-A2 VVCLT tetramer-specific effector and memory CD8+ T cells at day 15 (C) and 6 months (D) after VV immunization were analyzed for the expression of various phenotypic markers. Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells are depicted as red dots and total CD8+ T cells as the gray background. (E) Gradual effector-to-memory transition of VV antigen-specific cells after vaccination. Heparinized whole-blood was stained at multiple time points after smallpox vaccination with antibodies against Ki-67, granzyme B, CD45RA, CCR5, CD3, and CD8 and HLA-A2 VVCLT tetramer. The plots shown are gated on CD8+ T cells. Immunity 2008 28, 710-722DOI: (10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.020) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Functional Analysis of VV- and YFV-Specific Memory CD8+ T Cells (A) PBMCs from VV- and YFV-vaccinated donors at 2 years or 90 days after vaccination, respectively, were labeled with CFSE and stimulated in the presence or absence of VVCLT peptide or YFV peptide pools for 6 days. Proliferation was measured by dilution of the CFSE dye as analyzed by flow cytometry. The VV histogram is gated on HLA-VVCLT tetramer-specific CD8+ T cells. YFV plots are gated on CD3+ CD8+ lymphocytes. (B) PBMCs from VV- and YFV-vaccinated donors were stimulated in the presence or absence of VVCLT peptide or YFV peptide pools for 6 hr and cells were stained for intracellular cytokine levels. The data shown are gated on CD3+ CD8+ T cells. Immunity 2008 28, 710-722DOI: (10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.020) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Kinetics of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell and Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Dryvax Vaccine The percentage of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and the VV-neutralizing antibody titers for a single donor after Dryvax immunization were plotted over time. These data are representative of responses observed in other individuals. Immunity 2008 28, 710-722DOI: (10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.020) Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions