Agenda 3/6 and 3/7 Microbiology in industry notes Homework 1. Gram staining video and notes

Advantages to Microorganisms Small Fast growth rate Metabolically diverse Some use glucose for energy, others use CH4 Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic Can use inorganic compounds for energy

Uses of Microorganisms Industry: food, beer, wine, pharmacetuicals Agriculture: GMOs, pesticide resistance, Environmental: bioremediation, water treatment Medicinal: insulin production, gene therapy, diagnostics

Metabolisms of Microorganisms 1. Photoautotrophic- Use sunlight for energy and CO2 as carbon source 2. Photoheterotrophic- Use sunlight for energy and organic compounds (like glucose) as carbon source 3. Chemoautotrophic- Use inorganic compounds (like hydrogen sulfide) for energy and CO2 as carbon source 4. Chemoheterotrophic- Use organic compounds as energy and carbon source

Uses of Microorganisms in Industry Foods: bread, cheese, yogurt, wine, beer Food additives like amino acids and vitamins Creation of solvents like rubbing alcohol and acetone Biofuels like ethanol and methane Antibiotics and steroid hormones Biochemical like enzymes and proteins

Expert Groups Each person is responsible for reading up and becoming an ‘expert’ in one example Fill in the table will all the required information Then report back to your group and make sure everyone understands your example 1. Antibiotics and Deep Tank Fermentation 2. Citric Acid as Preservative 3. Biogas

Antibiotics and Deep Tank Fermenters Alexander Flemming had mold (Penicillium notatum) grow on a petri dish of bacteria He noticed that mold inhibited the growth of the bacteria Today, we need large scale production of antibiotics (fermentation) Fermenters (large tank) have The right size, way to mix the microorganisms with substrates, probes to monitor optimum conditions, and ways to prevent contamination Penicillium chrysogenum is put into the tank without glucose When the mold is missing glucose (its energy source) it produces Penicillin as a secondary metabolite When stressed, it produced penicillin to protect itself from other bacteria that may harm it

Antibiotics and Deep Tank Fermenters

Citric Acid Citric Acid is a metabolite also produced by mold (Aspergillus niger) Used as a food preservative and flavor enhancer Continuous-batch fermentation is used (substrate added and product removed continuously)

Biogas Production One option for renewable energy Uses prokaryotes and archaea (extremophiles discovered by Carl Woese) Biogas is made of: methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, water 4 stages of production- each stage requires specific microorganisms The last stage, production of methane, requires an archaea species No oxygen can be in the tank (bacteria used are anaerobic)

Biogas Production