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Chapter 2 Table of Contents Section 1 Scientific Methods Tools of Environmental Science Table of Contents Section 1 Scientific Methods Section 2 Statistics and Models Section 3 Making Informed Decisions

A. The Scientific Method 1a. State the problem- from your Observations 2a. Hypothesis – Educated Explanation 3a. Experiment – To test the Hypothesis 4a. Collect Data and Analyze- using graphs and tables 5a. Draw Conclusions- was your hypothesis correct?

1.Controls- factors that stay the same in an experiment 2.Independent Variable- variable that changes, what you test 3.Dependent Variable- outcome of the experiment, response 4. Observation collecting data by using your senses.. first step of the experimental method. Observations can take many forms, including descriptions, drawings, photographs, and measurements.

Hypothesizing and Predicting Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods Hypothesizing and Predicting A hypothesis is not merely a guess. A good hypothesis should make logical sense and follow from what you already know about the situation.

Hypothesizing and Predicting Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods Hypothesizing and Predicting 5. Predictions advanced statement of what you think will happen. A prediction is used to test a hypothesis.

Chapter 2 Experimenting Section 1 Scientific Methods Experimenting An experiment is performed when questions that arise from observations cannot be answered with additional observations. Experiments should be designed to pinpoint cause-and-effect relationships.

Chapter 2 Experimenting Section 1 Scientific Methods Experimenting Good experiments have two essential characteristics: a single variable is tested, and a control is used. To test for one variable, scientists usually study two groups or situations at one time, with the variable being the only difference between the two groups.

6. The experimental group – group in which something is changed. Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods Experimenting 6. The experimental group – group in which something is changed. 7. The control group that serves as a comparison

Organizing and Analyzing Data Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods Organizing and Analyzing Data 8. Data is any pieces of information acquired through observation or experimentation. Organizing data into tables and graphic illustrations helps scientists analyze the data and explain the data clearly to others. Graphs are often used by scientists to display relationships or trends in the data.

Organizing and Analyzing Data Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods Organizing and Analyzing Data Bar graphs are useful for comparing the data for several things in one graph.

Organizing and Analyzing Data Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods Organizing and Analyzing Data Graphing the information makes the trends presented in tables easier to see.

The Correlation Method Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods The Correlation Method The Scientists concluded that the settlers may have been the victims of unfortunate timing.

Imagination and Creativity Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods Imagination and Creativity An example being when John Snow created a spot map which effectively pinpointed the source of a Cholera epidemic in 1854.

How Scientists use Statistics Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models How Scientists use Statistics 9. Statistics is the collection and classification of data that are in the form of numbers. Scientists rely on and use statistics to summarize, characterize, analyze, and compare data. Statistics is actually a branch of mathematics that provides scientists with important tools for analyzing and understanding their data.

Chapter 2 What is the Average? Section 2 Statistics and Models What is the Average? Statistical populations are composed of similar individuals, but these individuals often have different characteristics. 10. A mean is the number obtained by adding up the data for a given characteristic and dividing this sum by the number of individuals. The mean provides a single numerical measure for a population and allows for easy comparison.

Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models Distribution 11. Distribution is the relative arrangement of the members of a statistical population, and is usually shown in a graph. The graphs of many characteristics of populations, such as the heights of people, form bell-shaped curves. A bell shaped curve indicates a normal distribution where the data is grouped symmetrically around the mean.

Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models Distribution

What is the Probability? Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models What is the Probability? 12. Probability is the likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event Probability is usually expressed as a number between 0 and 1 and written as a decimal rather than as a fraction. However, there must be a large enough sample size in order to obtain accurate results.

13. Risk is the probability of an unwanted outcome. Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models Thinking About Risk 13. Risk is the probability of an unwanted outcome. People often worry about big oil spills, but as the pie chart below shows, there is a much greater risk of oil pollution from everyday sources.

Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models Thinking About Risk

Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models Models 14. Models are patterns, plans, representations, or descriptions designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system or concept. Scientists use several different types of models to help them learn about our environment.

Chapter 2 Physical Models Section 2 Statistics and Models Physical Models Physical models are three-dimensional models you can touch. Their most important feature is that they closely resemble the object or system they represent, although they may be larger or smaller. The most useful models teach scientists something new and help to further other discoveries.

Chapter 2 Physical Models Section 2 Statistics and Models Physical Models One of the most famous physical models was used to discover the structure of DNA. The structural model was built based on the size, shape, and bonding qualities of DNA. The pieces of the model put together helped the scientist figure out the potential structure of DNA. Discovering the structure led the the understanding of DNA replication.

Chapter 2 Graphical Models Section 2 Statistics and Models Graphical Models Maps and charts are the most common examples of graphical models. Scientists use graphical models to show things such as the position of the starts, the amount of forest cover in a given area, and the depth of the water in a river or along a coast.

Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models Conceptual Model

Values and the Environment Section 3 Making Informed Decisions Chapter 2 Values and the Environment Scientific research is an essential first step in solving environmental problems. However, before research can begin, an examination of values is usually needed. 15. Values are principles or standards that an individual considers to be important. There are many values that affect environmental decision making.

16. Values that Affect Environmental Decision Making Section 3 Making Informed Decisions Chapter 2 16. Values that Affect Environmental Decision Making

A Hypothetical Situation Section 3 Making Informed Decisions Chapter 2 A Hypothetical Situation Several groups join together to propose that the county buy several hundred acres of land where the birds are known to breed and save the land as a nature preserve.

Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods Bellringer

Rainfall and Tree Ring Width Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods Rainfall and Tree Ring Width

John Snow’s Cholera Spot Map Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods John Snow’s Cholera Spot Map

Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models Bellringer

Size Distribution of Dwarf Wedge Mussels Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models Size Distribution of Dwarf Wedge Mussels

Conceptual Model of Mercury Contamination Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models Conceptual Model of Mercury Contamination

Section 3 Making Informed Decisions Chapter 2 Bellringer

Chapter 2 Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. How would a scientist categorize a testable explanation for an observation? A. a correlation B. an experiment C. an hypothesis D. a prediction

Chapter 2 Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. How would a scientist categorize a testable explanation for an observation? A. a correlation B. an experiment C. an hypothesis D. a prediction

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. What happens when an observation is submitted for peer review? F. The article is proofread before it is published. G. A professor gives a lecture based on a published article. H. The results are looked at closely by other scientific experts. I. Information on the experimental design is included in published works.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. What happens when an observation is submitted for peer review? F. The article is proofread before it is published. G. A professor gives a lecture based on a published article. H. The results are looked at closely by other scientific experts. I. Information on the experimental design is included in published works.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following is an example of a scientist’s physical model? A. a crash-test dummy for a car company B. a diagram of the structure of an atom C. a map of Denver, Colorado D. a satellite image of South America

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following is an example of a scientist’s physical model? A. a crash-test dummy for a car company B. a diagram of the structure of an atom C. a map of Denver, Colorado D. a satellite image of South America

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What attribute of a skeptic would contribute to a good scientific mind? F. willingness to travel G. an empathetic nature H. desire to conduct experiments I. continually questioning observations

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What attribute of a skeptic would contribute to a good scientific mind? F. willingness to travel G. an empathetic nature H. desire to conduct experiments I. continually questioning observations

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use this map to answer question 5 through 8.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. What type of distribution does this bell-shaped curve depict? A. asymmetric B. correlative C. normal D. random

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. What type of distribution does this bell-shaped curve depict? A. asymmetric B. correlative C. normal D. random

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 6. How many mussels are less than 25 mm in length? F. 6 G. 9 H. 12 I. 15

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 6. How many mussels are less than 25 mm in length? F. 6 G. 9 H. 12 I. 15

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. Determine the total size of this statistical population of dwarf wedge mussels. A. 60 B. 70 C. 80 D. 90

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. Determine the total size of this statistical population of dwarf wedge mussels. A. 60 B. 70 C. 80 D. 90

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 8. What is the most likely size predictable for a mussel randomly drawn from this population? F. 15–20 mm G. 25–30 mm H. 30–35 mm I. 40–45 mm

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 2 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 8. What is the most likely size predictable for a mussel randomly drawn from this population? F. 15–20 mm G. 25–30 mm H. 30–35 mm I. 40–45 mm

Image and Activity Bank Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods Image and Activity Bank

Image and Activity Bank Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods Image and Activity Bank

Image and Activity Bank Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods Image and Activity Bank

Image and Activity Bank Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods Image and Activity Bank

Image and Activity Bank Chapter 2 Section 1 Scientific Methods Image and Activity Bank

Image and Activity Bank Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models Image and Activity Bank

Image and Activity Bank Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models Image and Activity Bank

Image and Activity Bank Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models Image and Activity Bank

Image and Activity Bank Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models Image and Activity Bank

Image and Activity Bank Chapter 2 Section 2 Statistics and Models Image and Activity Bank

Image and Activity Bank Section 3 Making Informed Decisions Chapter 2 Image and Activity Bank

Image and Activity Bank Section 3 Making Informed Decisions Chapter 2 Image and Activity Bank

Image and Activity Bank Section 3 Making Informed Decisions Chapter 2 Image and Activity Bank

Image and Activity Bank Section 3 Making Informed Decisions Chapter 2 Image and Activity Bank