Homeostasis SBI 4U.

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Presentation transcript:

Homeostasis SBI 4U

What is Homeostasis? “… the process by which a constant internal environment is maintained despite changes in the external environment” i.e. the body’s attempt to adjust to a fluctuating external environment

Homeostasis in the Human Body

Negative Feedback process by which a mechanism is activated to restore conditions to their original state prevents small changes from becoming too large used more in the body than positive feedback e.g. thermostat

Negative Feedback adjustment coordinating centre monitor normal range regulator adjustment

Positive Feedback the process by which a small effect is amplified less common reinforces change e.g. contractions of uterus during birth (oxytocin)

Thermoregulation thermoregulation = the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently hypothalamus = region of the vertebrate’s brain responsible for coordinating many nerve and hormone functions (“thermostat”)

Thermoregulation Response to heat stress: Response to cold stress: Stimulus Monitor Coordinating Centre Regulator Adjustment Response heat heat receptors in skin brain (hypothalamus) skin blood vessels dilate sweating -increased blood flow to skin & heat released -evaporation -body temperature decreases Response to cold stress: Stimulus Monitor Coordinating Centre Regulator Adjustment Response cold cold receptors in skin brain (hypothalamus) skin blood vessels constrict shivering -hairs stand on end -decreased blood flow to skin & heat conserved -heat generation by increased metabolism -body temperature increases

Research in Canada When cells freeze, ice crystals destroy cell membranes BUT: fish off the coast of Baffin Island in the Canadian Arctic have been found to contain a type of antifreeze [protein] in their blood that prevents ice crystals from forming (Scholander, 1957) wood frogs found surviving in ice have high levels of glucose in their blood that act as an antifreeze (Storey, 2004)