The Deepening European Crisis: World War II Chapter 27 The Deepening European Crisis: World War II

Prelude to War The “Diplomatic Revolution” (1933-1937) Hitler becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933 Slow rearmament Repudiation of disarmament clauses of Versailles Peace Treaty, 1935 Troops into the demilitarized Rhineland, March 7, 1936 New Allies Rome-Berlin Axis, October 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan, November 1936

The Path to War (1938-1939) Annexation of Austria, March 13, 1938 Demand the cession of the Sudetenland, September 15, 1938 Munich Conference, September 29, 1938 Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) Appeasement German dismemberment of Czechoslovakia Hitler demands Danzig British offer to protect Poland Non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, August 23, 1939 Invasion of Poland, September 1, 1939 Britain and France declare war on Germany, September 3, 1939

The Course to World War II Blitzkrieg (lightening war) Poland divided on September 28, 1939 Victory and Stalemate “Phony War”, winter 1939-1940 Germany resumes offensive, April 9, 1939, against Denmark and Norway Attack on Netherlands, Belgium, and France, May 10, 1940 Evacuation of Dunkirk Surrender of France, June 22, 1940 Vichy France Marshal Henri Pétain (1856-1951) Battle of Britain, August-September 1940 German Luftwaffe German Mediterranean strategy Germany invades the Soviet Union, June 22, 1941

War in Asia Japanese Empire Attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 

Turning Point of War, 1942-1943 Europe The Grand Alliance War in Asia Defeat of Germany the first priority Military aid to Russia and Britain Allies ignore political differences Agree on unconditional surrender German success in 1942 in Africa and Soviet Union Allies invade North Africa, November 1942, victory in May 1943 Battle of Stalingrad, November 1942-February 1943 War in Asia Battle of the Coral Sea, May 7-8, 1942 Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942

Last Years of the War Invasion of Sicily, 1943 Invasion of Italy, September 1943 Rome falls June 4, 1944 D-Day invasion of France, June 6, 1944 Five assault divisions landed on Normandy beaches Within three months, two million men landed German surrender at Stalingrad, February 2, 1943 Tank Battle of Kursk, Soviet Union, July 5-12, 1943 Russians enters Berlin, April 1945 Hitler’s suicide, April 30, 1945 Surrender of Germany, May 7, 1945  Death of President Franklin Roosevelt, April 12, 1945 Difficulty of invading the Japanese homeland New President Harry Truman makes decision to use the atomic bomb Surrender of Japan, August 14, 1945 Human losses in the war: 17 million military dead, 18 million civilians dead

The Nazi New Order The Nazi Empire Nazi occupation of Europe was organized in two ways Some areas annexed and made into German provinces Most areas occupied and administered by Germans Racial considerations Resettlement plans of the East Poles were uprooted and moved 2 million ethnic Germans settled Poland, 1942 Need for labor

The New Order in Asia Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere “Asia for the Asians” Japanese Occupation Conquest of Nanjing “Comfort women” 800,000 Korean forced laborers Burma-Thailand Railroads

The Holocaust First focused on emigration The Final Solution Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942) Einsatzgrupen Death camps In operation by the spring of 1942 Shipments of Jews from Poland, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands in 1942 Shipments from Berlin, Vienna, Prague, Greece, southern France, Italy, and Denmark Zyklon B (hydrogen cyanide) Auschwitz Death of 2 out of 3 European Jews The Other Holocaust Death of 9 - 10 million people beyond the 5 - 6 million Jews 40 percent of European Gypsies

Mobilization: Three Examples The Soviet Union Enormous losses, 2 of every 5 killed in World War II were Russians Siege of Leningrad Factories moved to the interior The United States Slow mobilization until mid-1943 Social problems African-Americans Detroit, June 1943 Japanese Americans Germany Continued production of consumer goods first two years of the war Blitzkrieg and then plunder conquered countries Albert Speer and armaments production Total mobilization of the economy, 1944

Civilians on the Front Line: The Bombing of Cities Bombing civilians Luftwaffe begin the Blitz in Britain Allies begin bombing raids on German cities under Arthur Harris Cologne, Germany Americans daytime bombing Hamburg; Dresden Success or failure of bombing raids Atomic bomb Hiroshima, August 6, 1945 Nagasaki, August 9, 1945

Aftermath: The Emergence of the Cold War The Conferences at Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conference at Tehran, November 1943 Future course of the war, invasion of the continent for 1944 Agreement for the partition of postwar Germany Conference at Yalta, February 1945 “Declaration on Liberated Europe” Soviet military assistance for the war against Japan Creation of a United Nations German unconditional surrender Free elections in Eastern Europe Conference at Potsdam, July 1945 Truman replaces Roosevelt Growing problems between the Allies Winston Churchill proclaims in March 1946 the existence of “an iron curtain” across the continent of Europe