Expressed Emotion Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal language of emotion universal?

Nonverbal Communication Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through non-verbal communication. In a crowd of faces a single angry face will “pop out” faster than a single happy face (Fox et al. 2000). What makes up nonverbal communication? OBJECTIVE 8| Describe some of the factors that affect our ability to decipher non-verbal cues.

Uncomfortable Which direction are the feet pointing? Arms or legs crossed / hands clasped Looking around the room Agrees as much as possible

Boredom Fidgeting shows boredom and restlessness. Tapping of the foot is distracting and a sure sign of boredom.   Slow looks around the room/ceiling or a fixed gaze

Flirting Eye contact Proximity Caressing of self Needless touch Primping Eyes turned downward Held tilting Exposure of the neck Smile (coy)” an expression combining a half-smile and lowered eyes “ Eye contact Proximity Caressing of self Needless touch Parading aka Peacocking

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Women are much better at discerning nonverbal emotions than men. When shown sad, happy, and scary film clips women expressed more emotions than men. OBJECTIVE 9| Describe some gender differences in perceiving and communicating emotions.

Detecting and Computing Emotion Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions. Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time. OBJECTIVE 10| Discuss the research on reading and misreading facial and behavioral indicators of emotion. Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?

Culture and Emotional Expression When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989). OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression, and explain how emotional expressions can enhance survival. Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion

Embodied Emotion We know that emotions involve bodily responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to discern (neurons activated in the brain).

Emotions and Autonomic Nervous System During an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that arouses us. OBJECTIVE 2| Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system during emotional arousal.

Physiological Similarities Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar. OBJECTIVE 4| Name three emotions that involve similar physiological arousal. Excitement and fear involve a similar physiological arousal.

Physiological Differences Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage, and joy. OBJECTIVE 5| Describe some physiological and brain pattern indicators of specific emotions. The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from the right (depressed) for emotions.

Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion A subliminally presented happy face can encourage us to feel better about a follow up stimulus (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003). Emotions are felt directly through the amygdala (a) or through the cortex (b) for analysis. OBJECTIVE 7| Distinguish the two alternate pathways that sensory stimuli may travel when triggering an emotional response.

Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004). Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth College, www.whalenlab.info

Emotions are Adaptive Darwin speculated that our ancestors communicated with facial expressions in the absence of language. Nonverbal facial expressions led to our ancestor’s survival. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Analyzing Emotion Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.