Patterns of evolution MACROEVOLUTION The large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time are referred to as _______. MACROEVOLUTION

Six important topics in macroevolution are: extinction adaptive radiation convergent evolution coevolution punctuated equilibrium changes in developmental genes (Hox Genes)

Extinction Extinction: A species that is eliminated due to climate change, adaptations that are not advantageous or predation. EX. Dinosaurs died from climate change caused by a meteor

Causes of mass extinctions? Asteroids striking earth, volcanoes erupting, sea level changing Effects of mass extinctions? Many species disappeared leaving habitats open. Burst of evolution produced many new species.

The process of a single species or a small group of species evolving into diverse forms that live in different ways is called_____. ADAPTIVE RADIATION

Part of the adaptive radiation of mammals over millions of years. Example: Darwin’s finches more than a dozen species evolved from a single species. Part of the adaptive radiation of mammals over millions of years.

Results in analogous structures. The process by which unrelated organisms come to resemble one another because they have been influenced by the same environment is called convergent evolution. Results in analogous structures. On your paper circle which letters represent examples of convergent evolution A. Bird’s wing and Bat’s wing B. Sharks Fin and dolphins limb Dolphin=Mammals Shark=fish Seal=Mammals

Question How do biologists explain the similar shapes of sharks and dolphins? Convergent evolution because they live in same environment they have come to resemble one another

The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time is called Coevolution. How have plants and plant-eating insects coevolved? Plants have evolved poisons to prevent insects from feeding on them. Insects have evolved ways of inactivating or eliminating the poisons. Other examples:Humans & intestinal bacteria

Idea that populations are not changing until a major event occurs, causing significant change at one time punctuated equilibrium T or F Evolution has often proceeded at different rates for different organisms TRUE

Time during which a population is not changing, according to Punctuated Equilibrium STASIS

Idea that populations experience small changes that occur all the time, so that populations are always undergoing evolution in a small way GRADUALISM

Developmental Genes and Body Plans Master control genes that guide development of major body structures in animals HOX GENES Hox genes relation to evolution: Hox genes may help major evolutionary changes occur!!! Ex. Changes in activation of wing gene could have enabled many winged ancestors to evolve into four winged and two winged forms.

Darwin's species of finches were very similar but different in beak size and feeding habits. This is an example of convergent evolution. coevolution. adaptive radiation. stabilizing selection c C

B A slow steady change in a particular line of descent is called coevolution. gradualism. punctuated equilibrium. convergent evolution. b B

A Master control genes are called hox genes. developmental genes. embryonic genes. regulatory genes. a. A

Some evidence suggests that species do not change much over long periods of time and then undergo relatively short periods of rapid speciation. This kind of change is called coevolution. B. genetic equilibrium. C. adaptive radiation. D. punctuated equilibrium. d D