THEMES, PERIODS, AND SKILLS Five themes, six periods, and nine historical skills needed to pass the AP Exam

FIVE HISTORICAL THEMES Interaction Between Humans and the Environment (ENV) Development and Interaction of Cultures (CUL) State Building, Expansion, and Conflict (SB) Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems (ECON) Development and Transformation of Social Structures (SOC)

INTERACTION BETWEEN HUMANS AND THE ENVIRONMENT (ENV) Fundamental theme in World History The environment not only shaped human societies, human societies also affected the environment Before human migration led to the peopling of the earth, they interacted as hunters, foragers, fishermen, and later farmers or pastorals Environmental factors such as rainfall patterns, climate, and available flora and fauna have also impacted life in different regions Human impact only intensified as populations grew and people began migrating

DEVELOPMENT AND INTERACTIONS OF CULTURES (CUL) Explore the origins, uses, dissemination, and adaptation of ideas, beliefs, and knowledge within societies. Studying dominant belief system(s) or religions, philsopophical interests and technical and artistic approaches to see how major groups view each other Comparing social cultures to reveal what is both unique to a culture and what is shares with other cultures Analyze and trace particular cultural trends or ideas across human societies

STATE BUILDING, EXPANSION, AND CONFLICT (SB) Understanding the processes by which hierarchical systems of rule have been constructed and maintained and the conflicts brought about by them Organizational and cultural foundations of long-term stability and the internal and external causes of conflict Discuss various forms of state development and expansion through various production strategies and cultural and ideological foundation. Discuss different types of states, while also exploring interstate relations, warfare, diplomacy, and the formation of international organizations

CREATION, EXPANSION, AND INTERACTION OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS (ECON) Survey the divers patterns and systems that human societies have developed as they exploit their environments to produce, distribute, and consume desired goods and services across time and space. Discuss patterns of trade and commerce between various societies Influence of cultural and technological diffusion, migration, state formation, social classes, and human interaction with the environment Discuss the development of various labor systems and economic systems

DEVELOPMENT AND TRANFORMATION OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES (SOC) Focuses on relations among human beings. Discuss how human societies develop ways of grouping members Analyze the processes of how social categories, roles, and practices were created Discuss connections between changes in social structures and other historical shifts

SIX HISTORICAL PERIODS …to c. 600 BCE: Technological and Environmental Transformations C. 600 BCE to C. 600 CE: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies C. 600 CE to C. 1450 CE: Regional and Interregional Interactions C. 1450 to C. 1750: Global Interactions C. 1750 to C. 1900: Industrialization and Global Integration C. 1900 to the Present: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments

TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFORMATIONS … to C. 600 BCE Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies

ORGANIZATION AND REORGANIZATION OF HUMAN SOCIETIES C. 600 BCE to C. 600 CE The development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions The Development of States and Empires Emergence of Interregional Networks of Communication and Exchange

REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTIONS C. 600 CE to C. 1450 CE Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences

GLOBAL INTERACTIONS C. 1450 to C. 1750 Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION C. 1750 to C. 1900 Industrialization and Global Capitalism Imperialism and Nation-State Formation Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform Global Migration

ACCELERATING GLOBAL CHANGE AND REALIGNMENTS C. 1900 to the PRESENT Science and the Environment Global Conflicts and Their Consequences New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture

NINE HISTORICAL THINKING SKILLS (HTS) Analyzing Evidence: Content and Sourcing Interpretation Comparison Contextualization Synthesis Causation Patterns of Continuity and Change Over Time (CCOT) Periodization Argumentation

ANALYZING EVIDENCE: CONTENT AND SOURCING Explain the relevance of the author’s POV, Purpose, Audience, and Context Demonstrate understanding of a primary source Evaluate the usefulness, reliability, and limitations of a primary source in answering particular questions

INTERPRETATION Analyze a historian’s argument Explain how the argument has been supported through the analysis of relevant historical evidence, and evaluate the argument’s effectiveness Analyze diverse historical interpretations

COMPARISON Compare diverse perspectives represented in primary and secondary sources Compare different historical individuals, events, developments, and processes Analyze both similarities and differences in order to draw historically valid conclusions Comparisons can by made across different time periods, geographical locations, and different historical events or developments within the same period/geographical location

CONTEXTUALIZATION Situate historical events, developments, or processes within the broader regional, national, or global context in which they occurred in order to draw conclusions about their relative significance

SYNTHESIS Make connections between a given historical issue and related developments in a different historical context, geographical area, period, or era Make connections between different themes and approaches to history Use insights from a different discipline or field of inquiry to better understand a given historical issue

CAUSATION Explain long- and short-term causes and/or effects of a historical event, development, or process Evaluate the relative significance of different causes/effects on historical events or processes, distinguishing between causation and correlation

PATTERNS OF CONTINUITY AND CHANGE OVER TIME (CCOT) Identify patterns of continuity and change over time and explain the significance of such patterns Explain how patterns of continuity and change over time relate to larger historical processes or themes

PERIODIZATION Explain ways historical events and processes can be organized into discrete, different, and definable historical periods Evaluate whether a particular event/date could or could not be a turning point between different definable historical periods Analyze different/competing models of periodization

ARGUMENTATION Articulate a defensible claim about the past in the form of a clear and compelling thesis that evaluates the relative importance of multiple factors and recognizes disparate, diverse, or contradictory evidence or perspectives Develop AND support a historical argument, through a close analysis of relevant and diverse historical evidence, framing the argument and evidence around a specific HTS Evaluate evidence to explain its relevance to a claim or thesis, providing clear links between the evidence and the argument Relate diverse historical evidence in a cohesive way to illustrate contradiction, corroboration, qualification, etc. in developing an argument

CAPP Context Audience Purpose POV