Water Services Network Management 1 Water Services Network Management Grellan McGrath Steven Blennerhassett RPS Consulting Engineers

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World Water Day – 22nd March 5 World Water Day – 22nd March “When the well is dry, we know the value of water” – Benjamin Franklin

World Water Day – 22nd March 6 World Water Day – 22nd March

A Brief History of Cork City’s Water Supply 7 1762 - Cork Pipe Water Company Established Timber distribution pipes, 20ft long – 2 ½” to 3” ø 1856 - Cork Bridges, Waterworks and Improvement Act 1857 - Cast iron mains introduced – network extended. 1879 – Filter tunnel constructed 1911 - “intense waste water campaign” due to efforts of city engineer and inspectors reduced consumption from 70 to 38 gal/p/d (172 l/p/d) 1928 – Sand filters installed 1940’s - new high level reservoir built as an unemployment relief scheme 1956 – New filters and sedimentation plant

Network Planning 8 Water Network Management Review & Improve Financial Plan Define / Review Levels of Service Water Network Management Management Plan Demand Assessment Collect Network Asset Data Improvement Options Capacity Assessment

Network Planning Levels of Service Statutory Customer 9 Levels of Service Define / Review Levels of Service Statutory Water Quality – SI 278/2007 Customer Service Pressures -15 to 40m Head Other Service Standards Leakage - Economic Level Fireflows – 8 to 75 l/s depending on area served Service Storage - 24 hr

Network Planning Demand Assesment Current Demand - Water Audit 10 Assessment

Network Planning Demand Assesment Current Demand - Water Audit 11 Distribution Input (DI) Accounted for Water (AFW) Measured or assessed lergitimate water use Domestic Demand Households x Occupancy x pcc Permanent Domestic Seasonal Domestic Demand Assessment Non-Domestic Demand Metered consumption Operational Use – 2% of DI Unaccounted for Water (UFW) = DI - AFW Peaking Factor – Average Day/Peak Week

Network Planning Demand Assesment Current Demand Demand Management 12 Demand Assesment Current Demand Demand Management Reduce water losses Demand Assessment Reduce water consumption

Network Planning Demand Assesment Current Demand Demand Management 13 Demand Assesment Current Demand Demand Management Future Demand Population growth (25-Year Horizon) - Top Down: Planning guidelines, CSO - Bottom Up: Availability of zoned land Demand Assessment Demand – Domestic demand as per audit using projected pcc, losses etc. - Non-domestic demand growth in line with domestic - UFW in line with level of service objectives.

Network Planning Asset Data - National Water Study 2000 14 Length of network (size, age, material, condition, performance) Number/capacity of pumping stations Number and total volume of storage reservoirs Value of total asset (Modern Equivalent Asset (MEA) value) Value of assets to be replaced over next 5 years (MEA value) Annual operating and maintenance costs. Collect Network Asset Data

Network Planning Asset Capacity Assessment 15 Demand / Capacity Design Horizon Demand / Capacity 15 - 20 Yrs 20 - 25 Yrs 0 - 5 Yrs 5 - 10 Yrs 10 - 15 Yrs Projected Demand Range Expected Time Range of Deficit Capacity Shortfall Rated Asset Capacity Capacity Assessment

Increased Asset Capacity Network Planning 16 Asset Capacity Assessment Increased Asset Capacity Design Horizon Demand / Capacity 15 - 20 Yrs 20 - 25 Yrs 0 - 5 Yrs 5 - 10 Yrs 10 - 15 Yrs Expected Time Range of Deficit Rated Asset Capacity Capacity Assessment

Assess Capacity Requirement Network Planning 17 Improvement Options Assess Capacity Requirement Can it be satisfied by Operational Optimisation? Proceed with selected option Yes Can it be satisfied by Rehab/renewal option? No Yes Can it be satisfied by Augmentation Option? No Yes Can it be satisfied by Upgrade/Replacement? No Yes Improvement Options

Network Planning Management Plan 18 Asset Inventory – As per NWS Operational Plan – Summary of primary objectives in the operational plan and any sub-plans Management Plan Maintenance Plan – Summary of the planned asset maintenance. Rehabilitation/Renewal Plan – Summary of the planned asset rehabilitation/renewal activities. Asset Replacement – Summary of the planned asset replacement.

Sustainable level of expenditure to cover future investment needs Network Planning 19 Financial Planning Financial Plan Water Services Expenditure Requirements Funding for Loan Repayment Sustainable level of expenditure to cover future investment needs Funding for System Growth Funding for Service Enhancement Funding for Historic Under-investment Asset Depreciation Covering cash costs and providing for maintaining current asset condition – no planning for the future Interest Expenditure (if any) Just covering cash costs Operation and Maintenance Expenditure

Network Planning Review Levels of Service Demand for Water Services 20 Review & Improve Review Levels of Service Demand for Water Services Asset Management Finance

European Communities (Drinking Water) Legislation 21 European Communities (Drinking Water) (No. 2) Regulations 2007 S.I. No. 278 of 2007 Came into immediate effect on 12 June 2007

Microbiological Parameters Legislation 22 Ensure Quality (Regulation 4) Table A Microbiological Parameters No. Parameter Value (no./100ml) 1 Escherichia coli (E. coli) 2 Enterococci

Table B Chemical Parameters Legislation 23 Table B Chemical Parameters Ensure Quality (Regulation 4) No. Parameter Value (μg/l) 3 Acrylamide 0.10 4 Antimony 5.0 5 Arsenic 10 6 Benzene 1.0 7 Benzo(a)pyrene 0.01 8 Boron 1.0 mg/l 9 Bromate Cadmium 11 Chromium 50 12 Copper 2.0 mg/l 13 Cyanide 14 1,2-Dichloroethane 3.0 15 Epichlorohydrin 0.1 16 Fluoride (a) fluoridated supplies 0.8 mg/l Fluoride (b) naturally occurring fluoride, not needing further fluoridation 1.5 mg/l No. Parameter Value (μg/l) 17 Lead – to 24/12/13 25 Lead – from 25/12/13 10 18 Mercury 1.0 19 Nickel 20 Nitrate 50 mg/l 21 Nitrite 0.5 mg/l 22 Pesticides 0.1 23 Pesticides Total 0.5 24 PAH Selenium 26 Tetrachloroethene and Trichloroethene 27 Trihalomethanes – Total 100 28 Vinyl chloride

Table B Chemical Parameters Legislation 24 Table B Chemical Parameters Ensure Quality (Regulation 4) No. Parameter Value (μg/l) 3 Acrylamide 0.10 4 Antimony 5.0 5 Arsenic 10 6 Benzene 1.0 7 Benzo(a)pyrene 0.01 8 Boron 1.0 mg/l 9 Bromate Cadmium 11 Chromium 50 12 Copper 2.0 mg/l 13 Cyanide 14 1,2-Dichloroethane 3.0 15 Epichlorohydrin 0.1 16 Fluoride (a) fluoridated supplies 0.8 mg/l Fluoride (b) naturally occurring fluoride, not needing further fluoridation 1.5 mg/l No. Parameter Value (μg/l) 17 Lead – to 24/12/13 25 Lead – from 25/12/13 10 18 Mercury 1.0 19 Nickel 20 Nitrate 50 mg/l 21 Nitrite 0.5 mg/l 22 Pesticides 0.1 23 Pesticides Total 0.5 24 PAH Selenium 26 Tetrachloroethene and Trichloroethene 27 Trihalomethanes – Total 100 28 Vinyl chloride No. Parameter Value (μg/l) 17 Lead – until 24th December 2013 25 Lead – from 25th December 2013 10

Table B Chemical Parameters Legislation 25 Table B Chemical Parameters Ensure Quality (Regulation 4) No. Parameter Value (μg/l) 3 Acrylamide 0.10 4 Antimony 5.0 5 Arsenic 10 6 Benzene 1.0 7 Benzo(a)pyrene 0.01 8 Boron 1.0 mg/l 9 Bromate Cadmium 11 Chromium 50 12 Copper 2.0 mg/l 13 Cyanide 14 1,2-Dichloroethane 3.0 15 Epichlorohydrin 0.1 16 Fluoride (a) fluoridated supplies 0.8 mg/l Fluoride (b) naturally occurring fluoride, not needing further fluoridation 1.5 mg/l No. Parameter Value (μg/l) 17 Lead – to 24/12/13 25 Lead – from 25/12/13 10 18 Mercury 1.0 19 Nickel 20 Nitrate 50 mg/l 21 Nitrite 0.5 mg/l 22 Pesticides 0.1 23 Pesticides Total 0.5 24 PAH Selenium 26 Tetrachloroethene and Trichloroethene 27 Trihalomethanes – Total 100 28 Vinyl chloride No. Parameter Value (μg/l) 27 Trihalomethanes - Total 100

Legislation Table C Indicator Parameters Ensure Quality (Regulation 4) 26 Table C Indicator Parameters Ensure Quality (Regulation 4) No. Parameter Value 29 Aluminium 200 μg/l 30 Ammonium 0.3 mg/l 31 Chloride 250 mg/l 32 Clostridium perfringens Zero No./100ml 33 Colour Acceptable to consumers & no abnormal change 34 Conductivity 2500 μS/cm @ 20oC 35 Hydrogen Ion Concentration ≥6.5 & ≤9.5 36 Iron 37 Manganese 50 μg/l 38 Odour No. Parameter Value 39 Oxidisability 5mg/lO2 40 Sulphate 250 mg/l 41 Sodium 200 mg/l 42 Taste Acceptable to consumers & no abnormal change 43 Colony count 22oC No abnormal change 44 Coliform bacteria Zero no./100ml 45 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 46 Turbidity

Legislation Table C Indicator Parameters Ensure Quality (Regulation 4) 27 Table C Indicator Parameters Ensure Quality (Regulation 4) No. Parameter Value 29 Aluminium 200 μg/l 30 Ammonium 0.3 mg/l 31 Chloride 250 mg/l 32 Clostridium perfringens Zero No./100ml 33 Colour Acceptable to consumers & no abnormal change 34 Conductivity 2500 μS/cm @ 20oC 35 Hydrogen Ion Concentration ≥6.5 & ≤9.5 36 Iron 37 Manganese 50 μg/l 38 Odour No. Parameter Value 39 Oxidisability 5mg/lO2 40 Sulphate 250 mg/l 41 Sodium 200 mg/l 42 Taste Acceptable to consumers & no abnormal change 43 Colony count 22oC No abnormal change 44 Coliform bacteria Zero no./100ml 45 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 46 Turbidity No. Parameter Value 33 Colour Acceptable to consumers & no abnormal change 38 Odour 42 Taste 46 Turbidity

Focus Shift 28 Quality Quantity Quality Quantity

Factors Influencing Microbial Change in Water Distribution Systems Quality Issues 29 Factors Influencing Microbial Change in Water Distribution Systems

Quality Issues 30 Loss of Disinfection Residual

Quality Issues 31 Loss of Disinfection Residual All water entering distribution systems should be disinfected Treated water should contain chlorine residual of 0.5mg/L for 30mins contact time prior to supply Residual should be monitored before entering distribution Maintain residual of at least 0.1 mg/L at the extremity of the network EPA Guidance on Chlorination

Quality Issues 32 Loss of Disinfection Residual Rate of Loss Up to 50% lost during primary disinfection (first few hours) Rate of loss thereafter reduces significantly and depends on:- - Temperature - Reactivity of organic carbon in water - Reactivity of Pipe wall – “wall demand” Half life after primary disinfection can vary from several days to several weeks but can reduce to several hours with high demand.

Quality Issues 33 Loss of Disinfection Residual Mitigation Use chloramines for secondary disinfection – longer lasting Pipe flushing, relining or replacement to reduce “wall demand” Reduce residence times in storage. Install booster chlorination facilities Reduce total level of organic carbon in treatment process. Mitigation

Quality Issues 34 Loss of Disinfection Residual Growth of Disinfection By-products

Quality Issues 35 Loss of Disinfection Residual Growth of Disinfection By-products Reaction of chlorine with naturally occuring organic matter Most common by-products are Trihalomethanes (potential carcinogens) Amount of THM production depends on:- - pH - Temperature - Chlorine dose - Amount of organic precursor - Reaction time

Quality Issues 36 Loss of Disinfection Residual Growth of Disinfection By-products Prevention Remove organic precursors during treatment Change disinfectant (Chloramines) Reduce water age in distribution system (quicker turnover)

Quality Issues 37 Loss of Disinfection Residual Growth of Disinfection By-products Corrosion / dissolution

Quality Issues 38 Loss of Disinfection Residual Growth of Disinfection By-products Corrosion / dissolution Contributing Factors Flow – Stagnant conditions promote tuberculation and pitting in iron pipes. Temp - Rate of corrosion increases with incresing temperature pH - Lower pH promotes corrosion. DO - Oxygen promotes corrsion of ferrous metal forming tubercules and “red water” TDS - Increases conductivity promoting electrochemicl corrosion Bacteria - Bacteria in bioflim can create local changes in pH and DO.

Quality Issues 39 Loss of Disinfection Residual Growth of Disinfection By-products Corrosion / dissolution Indicator - Langelier Saturation Index LSI = pH - pHs LSI > 0 Water is supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and scale forming may occur.

Quality Issues 40 Loss of Disinfection Residual Growth of Disinfection By-products Corrosion / dissolution Control Make water less corrosive - pH adjustment most common (Typically 8.0 to 8.5). Lay down protective lining on pipe wall - pH adjustment or Phosphate addition Replace pipe with pipe less prone to corrosion.

Quality Issues 41 Loss of Disinfection Residual Growth of Disinfection By-products Corrosion / dissolution Growth of Biofilms

Quality Issues 42 Loss of Disinfection Residual Growth of Disinfection By-products Corrosion / dissolution Growth of Biofilms Promotion Growth depends on nutrient avalability (TOC) High temperatures (>15oC) promote greater bacterial activity Corroded pipes support film development Low disinfecion residual Low / stagnant flow

Quality Issues 43 Loss of Disinfection Residual Growth of Disinfection By-products Corrosion / dissolution Growth of Biofilms Reduction Reduce nutrient avalability during treatment (reduce TOC) Optimise disinfectant dosage / booster chlorination Flushing Corrosion control Mains rehabilitation or replacement

Quality Issues 44 Loss of Disinfection Residual Growth of Dinisfection By-products Corrosion / dissolution Growth of Biofilms Cross connections and backflow

Quality Issues 45 Backsiphoning Loss of Disinfection Residual Backflow when pressure in main drops (e.g. Surge, excessive flows, pipe bursts, flushing) Backpressure Backflow when pressure on contamonation side increases (e.g. pressurised heating/cooling systems, industrial systems. Loss of Disinfection Residual Growth of Dinisfection By-products Corrosion / dissolution Growth of Biofilms Cross connections and backflow

Quality Issues 46 Loss of Disinfection Residual Growth of Dinisfection By-products Corrosion / dissolution Growth of Biofilms Cross connections and backflow Stagnation – Dead Ends

Quality Issues 47 Loss of Disinfection Residual Growth of Dinisfection By-products Corrosion / dissolution Growth of Biofilms Cross connections and backflow Stagnation – Dead Ends Milky Water

Water Distribution Network Management and Leakage Control Water Conservation 48 Water Distribution Network Management and Leakage Control

Water Distribution Network Management and Leakage Control Water Conservation 49 Water Distribution Network Management and Leakage Control Passive V’s Active

Water Conservation 50 Stage Element Central Funding Level Stage 1 Implementation of Water Management Systems 100% (records 90%) Stage 2 Active Leakage Control 100% limited Stage 3 Rehabilitation 90% Strategic Plans

Dublin Regional Water Conservation Project 51 Dublin Regional Water Conservation Project Total Savings 7.9 Ml/day Pipe Rehabilitation - 2.1 Ml/day Pressure Management - 2.4 Ml/day DMA Optimisation/Metering - 3.4 Ml/day

Asset Data Water Conservation 52 Examples of Raw Data Held Customer demand (billing information) Customer complaints Customer meter locations Customer surveys Demand surveys Facilities failures Flow and pressure measurements Inspectors' site reports Mains and facilities record drawings Measured leakage and other non revenue water uses and wastage Meter maintenance/audits Number of shut valves and operations Network maintenance reports Network performance by location Records of repairs and rehabilitation Pipe sampling (e.g. cut outs) Staff training records Water quality samples by location Systems and processes used to collate and interpolate data Asset data support Burst records/deterioration models District Meter Area monitoring Distribution 0peration Maintenance Strategies Emergency plans Geographic Information Systems Health & Safety records Hydraulic, surge and water quality modelling Information and models from other utilities Job scheduling Leak management

Water Conservation 53 Asset Data 2 + 2 = 4 5 + 3 = 8 x + y = ?

Unaccounted For Water 54 UFW = Water produced – Water Consumed Made up of:- Leakage Incorrect meter readings Illegal connections Illegal or unknown use Waste of water Taps left open Household losses Bad plumbing Tanks over flowing

Unaccounted For Water 55 Scheme A Scenario 1: Scenario 2: Scenario 3:   Scenario 2: Scenario 3: 20 km of mains Reduce UFW by half New Large Non-Domestic Usage 1000 properties AFW 200 m3/day 800 UFW 400 Into Supply 1,000 600 1,600 UFW Expressions 80 % 67 50 33 l/conn/hr 17 1,667 l/km/hr 833 Scheme A Scenario 1: 20 km of mains   1000 properties AFW 200 m3/day UFW 800 Into Supply 1,000 UFW Expressions 80 % 33 l/conn/hr 1,667 l/km/hr   Scenario 3: New Large Non-Domestic Usage 800 m3/day 1,600 50 % 33 l/conn/hr 1,667 l/km/hr   Scenario 2: Reduce UFW by half 200 m3/day 400 600 67 % 17 l/conn/hr 833 l/km/hr

Leakage 56 56 | WWW.BENTLEY.COM

Leakage 57 57 | WWW.BENTLEY.COM

Leakage 58 58 | WWW.BENTLEY.COM

Leakage 59 59 | WWW.BENTLEY.COM

Leakage 60 60 | WWW.BENTLEY.COM

Leakage 61 Leakage Control

Target Leakage (m3/km/d) 62 Economic Level of Leakage (ELL):- Typical SRELL 400 BLL 350 300 ELL Value of water lost 250 ALC Costs Total Costs 200 Euro NPV ('000) 150 100 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Target Leakage (m3/km/d)

Rehabilitation 63

Rehabilitation 64 Lead Common Services

Rehabilitation 65 Lead Common Services

Replacing Lead Common Services Rehabilitation 66 Replacing Lead Common Services

Good data is key to sound investment decisions Key Message 67 Good data is key to sound investment decisions It is more cost effective to actively manage than to passively manage Need to manage Water Quality risks associated with the distribution network.

68 Thank You Q’s