Course Central Ideas: All living things are made from cells. All life is based on the same genetic code. Heredity information in genes is inherited and expressed. The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Biological systems maintain homeostasis Organisms obtain and use energy to carry out life processes Organisms on Earth interact and depend on other living and nonliving things in their environment

1. Natural Selection Summarized: Darwin’s theory suggests that in a species: A. There is a tendency towards over-production Variation exists Variations are inherited Individuals survive in their environments with varying degrees of success B. The best adapted survive and pass favorable variations on to next generation In time, great differences arise, until a new species Evolves from an old species

2. Who? Studied the way geography limited or facilitated the extension of species range How ecology influenced the shaping of adaptations In 1858, shared with Darwin on the Theory of Evolution by means of Natural Selection

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Voyaged around the world 1831-1836 Wrote On the Origin of Species which reveals his ideas on Evolution by means of Natural Selection

Homologous Structures Analogous structures

Convergent Evolution A kind of evolution wherein organisms evolve structures that have similar (analogous) structures or functions in spite of their evolutionary ancestors being very dissimilar or unrelated. This is due to the demands of their environment.

Can be used to classify organisms Comparative Embryology Can be used to classify organisms

Hind limbs in adult whale are considered vestigial structures Hind limb bud in whale embryo is a vestiage. Hind limbs in adult whale are considered vestigial structures

Adaptive Radiation

Adaptative Radiation

Coevolution: Mutual evolutionary influence between two species Typically evolution of two species totally dependent on each other. Exert selective pressure on the other, so they evolve together. Extreme example of mutualism.

Biological fitness The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to contributions of other individuals Offspring should be fertile

1st Phylogenetic Tree

What does a fork in the “tree” mean? Ans. A common ancester

Species A group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

Gene pool In studying evolution at the population level, geneticists focus on the GP Total collection of genes in a population at any one time.

Directional Selection When individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end.

Disruptive Selection When individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle.

Stablilizing Selection Takes place when individuals near the center of a curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end

Modes for speciation Behavioral Geographic Temporal

Cladogram

Resource partitioning

Competitive Exclusion Principle states that no 2 species can occupy the exact same niche in the exact same habitat at the exact same time?

Biological Magnification

Primary Ecological Succession What would happen if the climax community was burned?

The Miller-Urey Aparatus

Endosymbiotic Theory

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

36 ATP

DNA Replication

DNA Mutations

DNA Fingerprinting

Recombinant DNA

Scientific Process

Homeostasis –maintaining an internal environment

The Cell Membrane Model

How enzymes work: They have specific shapes. These shapes can be denatured by extreme heat or pH causing the enzyme to lose its form and thus its function. Most enzymes are protein and act as catalysts speeding up reactions by lowering activation energy.