DNA-damage (γ-H2AX) and telomere damage–induced foci (TIFs).

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DNA-damage (γ-H2AX) and telomere damage–induced foci (TIFs). DNA-damage (γ-H2AX) and telomere damage–induced foci (TIFs). A, 6-thio-dG induced telomeric localization of γ-H2AX in HCT116 cells (with 3 μmol/L treatment), but not 6-thioguanine (with 3 μmol/L treatment). B, TIF index (percentage of TIF-positive cells) of HCT116 cells treated with 6-thio-dG (3 μmol/L) or 6-thioguanine (3 μmol/L). Cells with four or more γ-H2AX foci colocalizing with TRF2 were scored as TIF positive by Imaris software (n > 55 for HCT116; SDs from two independent experiments). *, P < 0.05; **, P = 0.006 (compared with vehicle control); ns, not significant differences in the unpaired Student t test. (control; untreated). C, DNA-damage foci per cell. HCT116 cells treated with 6-thio-dG (3 μmol/L) and 6-thioguanine (3 μmol/L) (n > 55; SDs from two independent experiments). **, P = 0.003; ***, P = 0.0005; *, P = 0.0141 (6-thio-dG:6-thioguanine); ns, not significant differences in the unpaired Student t test (control; DMSO treated). D–F, representative images (D) and quantitative TIF analysis following 6-thio-dG (10 μmol/L) and 6-thioguanine (10 μmol/L) treatment in BJ-hTERT− (E) and for 6-thio-dG in BJ-hTERT+ cells (F) are shown. 6-Thio-dG induced telomeric localization of γ-H2AX in BJ-hTERT+ cells, but not in BJ-hTERT− cells. 6-Thioguanine did not significantly induce telomeric localization of γ-H2AX in BJ-hTERT+ and BJ-hTERT− cells (n = 85 for control; n = 83 for 6-thio-dG BJ-hTERT−; and n = 81 for 6-thioguanine–treated BJ-hTERT− experiments; SDs are from two independent experiments for BJ-hTERT− and three independent experiments for BJ-hTERT+ cells). Images were obtained by DeltaVision and then deconvoluted by Autoquant X3. DNA was stained with DAPI (blue). Red dots show DNA damage (γ-H2AX), green dots show TRF2, and yellow dots show TIF (DNA damage colocalizing with telomeres) in merged images. *, P < 0.02; **, P = 0.064 (control: 6-thio-dG) in the unpaired Student t test. Scale bars, 5 μm. Ilgen Mender et al. Cancer Discovery 2015;5:82-95 ©2015 by American Association for Cancer Research