STUDENT NOTES CHAPTER 1 HIS121

CHAPTER 1 Ancient America, Before 1492

I. Archaeology and History 1. What are the differences between archaeologists and historians? 2. If they did not write 8,000 years ago, how do we know about these years? 3. Artifacts and environmental clues as evidence

II. The First Americans A. African and Asian Origins 1. Pangaea and continental drift -Pangaea? 2. Homo sapiens-read 3. Paleo-Indians B. Paleo-Indian Hunters 1. Abundance of game 2. Clovis point 3. Big-game extinction and changes in Paleo- Indian way of life

III. Archaic Hunters and Gatherers A. Great Plains Bison Hunters 1. Folsom point 2. Advantage of bows and arrows B. Great Basin Cultures 1. Varying zones of habitation 2. Plants as primary food source

III. Archaic Hunters and Gatherers C. Pacific Coast Cultures 1. Diversity of California’s environment 2. Northwest peoples D. Eastern Woodland Cultures 1. Forest environment 2. Agriculture and pottery

IV. Agricultural Settlements and Chiefdoms A. Southwestern Cultures 1. Agricultural settlements 2. Different cultures like the Mogollon Hohokam, and Anasazi cultures all declined by AD 1000 B. Woodland Burial Mounds and Chiefdoms 1. Adena culture 2. Hopewell culture 3. Mississippian culture

V. Native Americans in the 1490s A. Eastern and Great Plains Peoples 1. Algonquian tribes 2. Iroquoian tribes 3. Muskogean peoples B. Southwestern and Western Peoples 1. Large population 2. Threatened by the Athapascans 3. Delayed development of agriculture

V. Native Americans in the 1490s C. Cultural Similarities 1. Gathering techniques and agriculture 2. What weapons did ALL Native Americans use for Hunting and Warfare? 3. Absence of writing: other forms of human expression 4. Adaptation to natural and social environments 5. Manipulation of the environment to meet needs 6. Fire as hunting tool

VI. The Mexica: A Mesoamerican Culture 1. Large, diverse population 2. Culture based on war 3. Power and wealth in Mexican empire 4. Conquered peoples not assimilated