End marks, Semi-Colons, Colons, Parentheses, and Dashes Punctuation End marks, Semi-Colons, Colons, Parentheses, and Dashes

End Marks End marks are punctuation that go at the end of a sentence. End marks we use are: Periods Exclamation marks Question marks End Marks

End Marks Period ( . ) Exclamation Mark ( ! ) Question Mark ( ? ) Used at the end of a full sentence. Exclamation Mark ( ! ) Used at the end of a sentence that needs extra emphasis. Question Mark ( ? ) Used at the end of a question End Marks

Semi-Colons The semi-colon ( ; ) How is the semi-colon being used in the following sentences? Richard likes cake; Susan likes salad. Bill was going bald; his hair was falling out. I didn’t see the step; now I’ve got a bandage on my head. I like to run; however, my leg is broken. Semi-Colons

Semi-colons are used to connect two independent clauses (sentences) whose ideas are very closely related in meaning. You can only use semi-colons when the ideas are related. For example, Correct: I called Leon; he said he will be here in ten minutes. Incorrect: I called Leon; did you notice how windy it is? Semi-Colons

Hint: Notice that semi-colons look like a comma and a period stacked on top of each other. You can think of a semi-colon as part period and part comma: a semi-colon signals a pause in thought (like a comma!) but is not a strong as a period. Often, you can use periods or commas with coordinating conjunctions instead of a semi- colon. Coordinating conjunctions are just words like “and” “but” “however” “or” “yet” etc. Semi-Colons

Often, semi-colons are used with words or phrases like these: Accordingly However Instead Meanwhile Therefore For example In other words For instance In fact Etc! Semi-Colons

Semi-Colons Examples of semi-colons combined with phrases Timmy loves the taste of Reese’s cups; however, he developed a peanut allergy as a child. Timmy has a peanut allergy; therefore, he can no longer eat Reese’s cups. There are many types of food allergies; for example, some people are allergic to peanuts. Timmy has a peanut allergy; in other words, he cannot eat peanuts. Semi-Colons

The colon ( : ) Colons are used in a lot of different ways in writing. What do you think the colon is doing in the following sentences: The students to be checked out are: John Doe, Jill Doe, and Jimmy Doe. The classes I have this semester are: art, English, math, science, and P.E. For my test, I will study the following: my study guide, vocabulary, quizzes, and worksheets. Colons

Colons First, colons are used before a list of words. When introducing a list, you might see words like “the following” or “as follows” before the colon Example: My favorite movies are the following: The Shawshank Redemption, Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, and The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. Colons

Colons How are the colons functioning in these examples: Luis felt that he had accomplished something worthwhile: He had written and recorded his first song. Mark Twain tried many jobs before becoming a successful writer: He was a printer’s apprentice, a riverboat pilot, a soldier, and a silver miner. Colons

Colons are also used before a statement that explains or clarifies the statement before it. Example: Mary was sad: She felt she had let her grandmother down by failing her math test. Colons

Colons Colons can also be used in many conventional ways, such as: Time Use a colon between the hour and minute Example: 3:27 p.m. Salutation of business letter Use a colon after the person you are addressing Dear Ms. Gonzalez: To Whom it May Concern: Bible verses Use a colon between the chapter and verse Example: John 3:1 Colons

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Parenthetical Phrases The parenthetical phrase Parenthetical phrases are words or phrases that break into the main thought of a sentence Parenthetical phrases/words are set off by either: Commas Parentheses Dashes We will talk about commas later. Today, we will talk about parentheses and dashes. Parenthetical Phrases

Parentheses The parentheses ( ) Use parentheses around words that are added to a sentence but are not of major importance. AKA: Information that has been added but not super important. If you took this information away, you would still understand the sentence. Parentheses

Parentheses Examples: My great-uncle Ed (he’s Grandma’s brother) is odd. Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948) led India’s struggle for independence from British rule. Mrs. Matsuo served us sushi (soo’ she) that she had prepared. Is the information in the parentheses helpful? But if we remove that information, can we still understand the sentence? Parentheses

The dash ( - ) Information that abruptly interrupts a sentence’s main thought can be marked with dashes. These are usually seen in dialogue between characters. Examples: “Right over here – oh, excuse me, Mr. Mills – you’ll find the reference books,” said the librarian. Alisha began, “The murderer is – well, I don’t want to give away the end of the story. Dashes

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