By Allen Curnow

Born in Timaru, Christchurch in 1911, died in 2001 Attended University of Canterbury and Auckland In 1934, he found a job at the Auckland Star and started writing poems. Was very successful, receiving numerous famous awards, including the Order of New Zealand in Allen Curnow wished to answer questions that did not present themselves as public and answerable, but questions which are always private and unanswerable. The poem Time was included in his collection in reverse chronological order.

Stanza 1 I am the nor'west air nosing among the pines I am the water-race and the rust on railway lines I am the mileage recorded on yellow signs. ______________________________________________________________________________ -Associated with olden age, isolation and peace. - nosing personifies air -Time is dynamic like the water-race -Static like the unused railway -The mileage presents the idea of distance These images imply that time allows people to move through life and their destinations, though time itself is static like the mileage shown on the yellow signs. The first stanza presents a mysterious opening.

Stanza 2 I am dust, I am distance, I am lupins back of the beach I am the sums sole-charge teachers teach I am cows called to milking and the magpie's screech, _____________________________________________________________________________ -Rural association -Only line of the first 4 stanzas which have four I ams in one line -All three things contrast – dust, distance lupins showing the expansiveness of time -sole-charge teachers emphasizes the rural environment which time is lingering on in this stanza. -The farm animals also add to the peaceful atmosphere. -Appeals to the senses with sight and sound -Again, thanks to time these events exist

Stanza 3 I am nine o'clock in the morning when the office is clean I am the slap of the belting and the smell of the machine I am the place in the park where the lovers are seen. _____________________________________________________________________________ -Urban Area -Mentions a specific time -Time marks the beginning of work in an ordinary office in society, allows loving to occur, and allow humans to be productive. -Appeals to Sight, Sound and Smell.

Stanza 4 I am recurrent music the children hear I am level noises in the remembering ear I am the sawmill and the passionate second gear. _____________________________________________________________________________ -Time is at work when music is played – tempo is important -Perhaps a driver is hurrying due to the existence of time, as he is changing to a higher gear -Appeals strongly to the sense of sound

Stanza 5 I, Time, am all these, yet these exist Among my mountainous fabrics like a mist, So do they the measurable world resist. _____________________________________________________________________ -Simile shows that time is everything -This stanza hints that the world is measurable, whilst time itself is immeasurable and abstract.

Stanza 6 I, Time, call down, condense, confer, On the willing memory the shapes these were: I, more than your conscious carrier. _____________________________________________________________________________ Call down – reprimand, scold - request or pray for Condense - to become more compact, perhaps changing shape in this case Confer – to offer a gift Attempts to personalize time using this alliteration. Conscious Carrier -Heavy Consonance on C and also breaks the rhyme -Time allows memories

Stanza 7 Am island, am sea, am father, farm, and friend, Though I am here all things my coming attend; I am, you have heard it, the Beginning and the End. _____________________________________________________________________________ Personalizes time by saying it is an -island, -sea, -father, -farm -friend. Concluding sentence – Time encompasses everything from the start to end; virtually everything is associated with time. Also, the first instance of the use of past tense occurs

Time is ubiquitous, allows for memory and a force which is dynamic and passive. Time allows for the existence of everything, and if there was no dimension of time in the universe, nothing would exist.

How does the poet convey the various concepts of time in the poem?