Adulthood

Parent and Peer Relationships Teens get their culture from their peers Adolescents adopt peer accent/language over parents’ Teens adopt peer habits such as smoking, and seek others with the same habits Relationship with parents and with peers have a similar style Parents are still an important influence in religion, career, and political views

Emerging Adulthood In Western Cultures, there seem to be people beyond adolescence who are not yet fully independent adults. This corresponds with a larger age span between menarche and marriage (below):

Adulthood Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development Thinking About Stability and Change

Adulthood Defining stages in adulthood is more difficult than doing so for childhood and adolescence Still, these terms are useful: Early adulthood (20s and 30s) Middle adulthood (to age 65) Late adulthood (65+)

Young Adulthood: Physical Development The peak of physical performance occurs by early to mid-twenties, after which it declines imperceptibly for most of us. Preview Question 12: How do our bodies from early to late adulthood?

Physical Development: Middle Adulthood Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities and cardiac output begin to decline after the mid-20s.

Physical Development: Later Middle Adulthood Around age 50, women experience menopause (the end of the menstrual cycle) and men experience a gradual decline in fertility and virility.

Physical Development: Late Adulthood (65+) Hearing, vision, and sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina.

Aging Cognitive Development Neural processing slows in late adulthood Slower reaction time Some aspects of memory also decline Decline in recall of recently memorized words No decline in ability to recognize recently learned words

Aging and Intelligence Crystallized intelligence – one’s accumulated knowledge, increases into middle age Fluid intelligence – the ability to reason speedily and abstractly, decreases slowly up to about age 75, then more rapidly Mental practice and physical exercise can help sustain cognitive skills

Social Development Two basic aspects of our lives dominate adulthood. Erikson called them intimacy (forming close relationships) and generativity (being productive and supporting future generations). Freud: The healthy adult is one who can love and work.

Adulthood Commitments: Relationships Evolutionary psychologists believe that commitment has survival value. Parents that stay together are likely to leave a viable future generation.

Adulthood Commitments: Work Happiness stems from working in a job that fits your interests and provides you with a sense of competence and accomplishment.

The Social Clock Like the Biological Clock, this is the culturally-based expectation about when you should leave home, marry, start a career, have children, retire People today may feel more free to make their own timelines rather than obey the clock

Death and Dying Death and Dying: Impact on survivors Grief is more intense if someone died young, unexpectedly Style of grieving varies, with no “right” sequence or process People do rebound from loss (chart)

Well-Being Across the Life Span Happiness does not decrease with age Older adults show less response to negative events and information Positive feelings remain, negative feelings fade

Growing older can mean getting better. Stability and Change Lifelong development includes both stability and change. Basic temperament seems to persist; a smiley grandparent was probably once a smiley baby. Traits such as conscientiousness, confidence, and agreeableness tend to evolve with age and then stabilize as part of one’s personality. The tendency toward stability gives us a sense of identity. The potential for change gives us the hope of personal growth: Growing older can mean getting better.