MIS COMPUTERS: THE MACHINES BEHIND COMPUTING 1 laptop per child CHAPTER 2 Hossein BIDGOLI 1 laptop per child Get me the Geeks

Chapter 2 Computers: The Machines Behind Computing l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s LO1 Define a computer system and describe its components. LO2 Discuss the history of computer hardware and software. LO3 Explain the factors distinguishing computing power of computers. LO4 Describe the major operations of computers LO5 Summarize the binary system and data representation.

l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.) Chapter 2 Computers: The Machines Behind Computing l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.) LO6 Discuss the types of input, output, and memory devices. LO7 Explain how computers are classified. LO8 Describe the two major types of software. LO9 List the generations of computer languages.

six major roles and goals of IT 1. Increase employee productivity by reducing time, errors and costs using 2. Enhance decision making 3. Improve team collaboration 4. Create business partnerships and alliances 5. Enable global reach all over the world taking into consideration the culture of each nation or society. 6. Facilitate organizational transformation as the organization evolves and responds to the ever-changing marketplace.

Computer Hardware Output Device Monitor Input Device Keyboard Processing Device The System Unit

The Building Blocks of a Computer Exhibit 2.1 The Building Blocks of a Computer Components of a Computer System Hardware components Physical devices, such as keyboards, monitors, and processing units Software Programs written in computer languages Central processing unit (CPU) Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Control unit Single or multiprocessor

Processing – Mother Board Central Processing Unit (CPU) RAM and _________ Secondary Storage Devices (e.g. hard drive) Slots - connecting specialty processors ___________ - connecting input/output devices

Processing – Central Processing Unit Central Processing Unit (CPU) Called the “_________________________”, its role is to perform the operations of the computer using two components: Control Unit – this device interprets instructions and transmits direction to the computer’s components Arithmetic Logic Unit – this device performs math as well as logical operations by interpreting and executing instructions

Processing – Central Processing Unit Moore’s Law (1970s) Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every 18 months CPU Processing Intel Pentium IV CPU packs 55 million transistors Feature size is the size of the lines thru which signals pass

The History of Computer Hardware Table 2.1 Hardware Generators The History of Computer Hardware

The Power of Computers Factors that exceed human capacities: Speed Accuracy Storage and retrieval

Input Devices Input devices Types Optical character reader Send data and information to computer Types Keyboard Mouse Touch screen Light pen ____________ Data tablet Barcode reader Optical character reader Magnetic ink character recognition system Optical mark recognition system

Output Devices Output devices Soft copy Hard copy For mainframes and personal computers Soft copy Monitor Cathode ray tube (CPT), plasma, liquid crystal display (LCD) Hard copy Printer Inkjet, laser Voice

Memory Devices Main memory Secondary memory Stores data and information Volatile Secondary memory ______________________ Holds data when the computer is off or during course of a program's operation Serves as archival storage

Random Access Memory (RAM) Read-Only Memory (ROM) Primary Storage This storage is used for temporary storage to support computer processing and comes in RAM and ROM types Random Access Memory (RAM) Read-Only Memory (ROM) Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called Flash Memory) Random Access Memory (RAM) This is the computer’s main processing storage and consists of several chips containing thousands of electronic circuits etched in silicon mounted on a small circuit board call a single inline memory module (SIMM). RAM has the following characteristics: Provides temporary storage for computer operation Stores data programs and data currently in use CPU can randomly access the data stored in RAM Instructions are considered volatile and will be lost when the computer is turned off Read-Only Memory (ROM) This memory exists on a chip on the motherboard and contains information that can be read by the computer but not written to. ROM stores the instructions required to run the computer before the system software takes over Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called Flash Memory) This is a variation of ROM that can be read and repeatedly written to and erased like RAM, but is different in that the information is retained after the power is turned off

Secondary Memory Devices Magnetic disks Made of mylar or metal Used for random-access processing Magnetic tape Made of a plastic material Stores data sequentially ____________ discs Use laser beams to access and store data CD-ROM, WORM, DVD

Secondary Memory Devices (cont'd.) Other secondary memory Hard disk USB flash drive Memory card Redundant array of independent disks (RAID) system Collection of disk drives used for fault tolerance and improved performance If one disk in the array fails, data isn’t lost

Table 2.4 Capacity of Secondary Memory Devices

Classes of Computers Classify based on: Cost, amount of memory, speed, sophistication

Types of Computers Supercomputers Mainframe Computers Workstations

Types of Computers – Personal Notebook Computers Network Computers Handheld Computer http://www.microsoft.com/uk/windowsmobile/business/videocasestudies.mspx Tablet PC http://pergatory.mit.edu/robotworld/multimedia/index.html

Digital Divide 1 laptop per child The ______________ _____________ refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information technology and those with very limited or no access at all.

Ubiquitous Computing Also called: Wearable computers Pervasive computing Third wave computing Wearable computers Cell phones Medical devices

Server Platforms: An Overview Computer and all the software for managing network resources and offering services to a network Types of servers Application Database Disk Fax File Mail Print Remote access (RAS) Web A server is a computer and all the software for managing network resources and offering services to a network. Many different server platforms are available for performing specifi c tasks, including the following:

What is Software? All the programs that run a computer system Classified broadly as: System software Application software

Operating System Software Operating system (OS) Set of programs for controlling and managing computer hardware and software Provides an interface between a computer and the user Increases computer _________________ by helping users share computer resources and performing repetitive tasks for users

Operating System Software (cont'd.) Operating system control programs Job management _______________ allocation Data management Communication Kernel Supervisor program Responsible for controlling all other programs in the OS

Application Software Application software Software types Commercial software or software developed in- house Software types Word processing Spreadsheet Database Presentation Graphics Desktop publishing

Google Docs: Applications and Challenges Free Web-based application for creating Word processor documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and forms Create and edit document Collaboration in real time Save in various formats _______ computing (Dropbox) Security risks

The History of Computer Software Table 2.2 Computer Language Trends The History of Computer Software

Computer Languages Machine language Assembly language 0s and 1s Code written for one type of computer does not work on another Assembly language Higher level than machine but still machine dependent

Computer Languages (cont'd.) High-level languages C++, Java, VB.Net Used for Web development and the Internet Fourth generation languages Easiest to use SQL

Computer Languages (cont'd.) Fifth-generation languages (5GLs) ____________ -based systems Natural language processing (NLP) Visual programming Graphical approach to using programming

Summary Components and distinguishing factors of computers Get me the Geeks Summary Components and distinguishing factors of computers Brief history of computer hardware and software Input, output, and memory devices Classifications for computers Different types of software Generations of computer languages