Distributed Load Algorithms LBNL Demand Response Automated Server 1 Siemens Smart Energy Box Internet OpenADR ClientWeather data APOGEE BASWattStopper Distributed Load Control Gateway BMS Adapter3 rd Party Plug-in Energy Simulation Air handlers/fans Chillers DIADR Mid-Project Demonstration, April 27, 2011 Jay Taneja Nathan Murthy UC Berkeley

Distributed DR Algorithms Goal: Testing and evaluation of distributed DR strategies Dense deployment of metering devices on appliances and office equipment, with actuation by the energy gateway – Thermostatically-controlled loads (e.g. refrigerators, space heaters, etc.) – Battery-powered loads (e.g. laptop computers, desktop computers with UPS units, etc.) – Lighting (e.g. overhead lights, lamps, etc.) – Other office equipment (e.g. printers, routers, etc.) 2

Smart Office (464 SDH) 3

Sensor Data Management: sMAP Interface for gathering and storing heterogeneous, unsynchronized physical data Includes data from zone lights and two types of plug meters 4

Skipping Refrigerator Cycles 5

Devices with Onboard Batteries Case Study: Laptops Collected traces to build empirical model of charge and discharge behavior Power delivered is a function of battery capacity Developing metrics to design laptop charge schedule during DR period Mix of known state (power consumption, maybe battery capacity) and unknown state (mobility, computation load) 6

7 power battery capacity

Curtailment of Battery Charging in a DR Event Assume N laptops with uniform distributed capacity states Assume laptops leave and enter zone both at a Poisson rate with λ=1 Define duration of DR Event Throughout DR event, set curtailment ratio c (% of baseline load) and select laptops to charge Choose c to minimize projected peak power for remainder of DR event 8

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Charging Curtailment Simulation Results 30% curtailment possible Choice of curtailment ratio is crucial to how load management throughout DR event Aggressive initial curtailment may offset peak load reduction towards end of DR event Aggregate distributed load in a zone can be shaped using device energy storage 10

Desktop Power Management Desktop + UPS is similar to laptop Collaboration with Dhaani Systems – Using network appliance to manage state (and power) of Windows machines – Machines put to sleep remotely when not in use – During DR event, aggressiveness can be increased 11

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Lighting Lighting zones on SDH 4 – Actuate using Wattstopper via BACnet – High (50W) and low-power (25W) ballasts in each zone 13

Other Loads Printers – High peak-to-idle ratio (> 75:1) – Idea: DR-aware print queue Avoid concurrent printing (and resulting high peak load) Modify existing print server 14

Next Steps Application of techniques to similar loads Integrated management of heterogeneous loads Occupant light control 15

Questions? Acknowledgement This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy under Award Number DE-EE Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. 16

DR Strategies – Thermostatic Loads Deferment of refrigerator and heating cycles Battery Management – Laptop power cycling to minimize total energy consumed during DR event – Desktop + UPS Much like a laptop Computers on battery operation during printer jobs Dimmable lighting Current status of office: desktops, UPS devices, and refrigerator in place, partial deployment of ACme meters – (plotting interface) 2 Raritan Dominion PX 3 metered/switched power strips 17