Earthquakes Waves and Faults.

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Presentation transcript:

Earthquakes Waves and Faults

Causes of Earthquakes Plates in earth’s crust are always moving due to forces inside the Earth. Forces cause sections of the crust to move. This puts stress on the rocks.

Causes Cont. Rocks bend, compress and stretch to relieve that stress If the force is great enough, rock breaks which make faults Rock breaking or faulting produces vibrations called Earthquakes

3 Types of Forces Compression – Squeezes or compresses. Think two plates colliding Tension – Stress causes stretching. Think two plates moving up and down. Shear – causes slippage, rocks move past each other, side to side.

3 Types of Faults Normal – caused by tension force Reverse Fault – caused by compressional force Strike-Slip Fault – caused by a shear (side to side) force

Seismic Waves Caused by fault movement Vibrations from released energy produces waves Produces primary (p-waves), secondary (s-waves), and surface (l-waves)

Focus Point in the interior where waves originate Can occur up to 700 km (434 miles) deep in the Earth. Waves travel out in all directions from the focus.

Epicenter Point on Surface directly above focus P and S waves generated from focus and generally travel through the interior of the Earth When waves from focus reach the Epicenter they cause Surface waves Surface waves travel out from the epicenter like ripples on a pond

Seismograph Detects seismic waves, can detect earthquakes from the other side of the world.

Measurement Richter Magnitude – measures the energy released by the earthquake. Base 10 scale Mercalli Scale – measures the amount of damage produced by the earthquake

Primary Waves Type – Compressional, longitudinal Speed – Fastest, 1st to register on seismograph Motion – Back and forth rocking, least destructive Movement Through Earth – Travels through any material: Solid rock, magma, water, or air

Secondary Waves Type – Shear or transverse Speed – Slower, second to arrive Motion – Side to Side Movement Through the Earth – Only through solids. Liquids and gases can not be sheared apart

Surface Waves Type – Like waves in Water Speed – Slowest, last to arrive Motion – Up/down rolling, like ripples. Cause the most damage Movement Through Earth – Through solids and liquids