Todays Big Question: What are the similarities & differences among the Spanish, French, Dutch & British patterns of colonization in the New World? Take Off: Explain what was happening in Europe that encouraged people to head for the New World.

Motivations for Exploration During the Renaissance, a desire for new trade routes to Asia led to an Age of Exploration: Led by Spain & Portugal, explorers found new trade routes, colonies, & people to Christianize Colonization in North America led to the destruction of Indian culture, permanent settlements for whites, & wealth for European nations

Motivation & Means of Exploration Better ships (caravels) Better navigation tools: Astrolabe & sextant Magnetic compass Maps with longitude & latitude Key Motivation of Explorers: A search for new knowledge (Renaissance) The 3 “Gs”: GOLD: A desire for wealth, new markets for trade, a desire to escape poverty in Europe GLORY: A desire by European kings to develop large overseas empires or for individual explorers to make a name for themselves GOD: A desire by European Christians (Catholics) to convert people to their faith

This exploration led to colonies by European countries:

Voyages of European Exploration 04/06/98 16 17 17 17

The Spanish Colonies in America

Spanish Colonies in North America

The 3 G’s Spanish motivations for colonization GOD GOLD GLORY Settlements: Empire was tight-knit, closely supervised, and a source of wealth for the crown. Soldiers, merchants, and padres were main colonists. Natives were subjects and also connected through marriages. Cultures fused together.

Spanish Colonies in North America The Spanish government encouraged converting Indians & establishing missions Motivations: After Columbus, Spain dominated Central & South America & the SE & SW sections of North America Spanish conquistadors explored in search of gold & silver Missionaries converted Native Americans to Catholicism

Spanish Colonies in North America Government: Royal control Spanish colonies were funded & controlled by the monarch Viceroys were sent to the colonies to serve as governors Economy: Desire for wealth Used Indian & African slave labor to mine gold & silver Built encomiendas (plantations) to farm cash crops

The French Colonies in America

French Colonies in North America

French Colonies in North America Like Spain, the French govn’t encouraged converting Indians & establishing missions Motivations: After Champlain’s attempt to find a NW passage through Canada, he founded Quebec The “French crescent” included Canada, the Mississippi River, & New Orleans Missionaries converted Native Americans to Catholicism

French Colonies in North America Government: Royal control The French colonies were strictly controlled by royal governors Economy: Desire for fur trade Most French colonists profited from the fur trade, small-scale farming, or lumbering Society: Friendly with Indians Because the French needed furs, they were the most friendly with the local Native Americans

Dutch Colonies in North America

Dutch Colonies in North America Motivations: The Dutch established New Amsterdam as a trade center Political, Economic, Social: To attract settlers, the gov’t allowed anyone to immigrate As a result, New Amsterdam was one of the most diverse colonies in North America We’ll mention Peter Stuyvesant and the British takeover of the Dutch colonies during the discussion of the British Middle Colonies.

The English Colonies in America

The English Colonies In the 1600s, English settlers arrived in North America English colonization differed from Spanish & French because the English gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World Different motivations by English settlers led to different types of colonies

Migrating to the English Colonies 17th century England faced major social changes: The most significantly was a boom in population; Competition for land, food, jobs led to a large mobile population (vagrants?) People had choices: could move to cities, Ireland, Netherlands, or America (but this was most expensive & dangerous)

British Colonies in North America

British Colonies in North America Motivations: Many different reasons Economic: Escape poverty or gain wealth from cash crop farming Religious: For religious freedom & to escape religious persecution Political: Fear during the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution As a result, the British colonies were very different from each other & were never very unified

British Colonies in North America Government: The colonies differed from French & Spanish because the British gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in America Britain developed a policy called salutary neglect in which the colonists could create local laws & taxes in their colonial assemblies Royal governors were sent by the king, but they had little power

British Colonies in North America New England colonies, like Massachusetts, were closely connected by religion & families & were mostly subsistence farmers who had little desire to make money Unlike the Spanish & French, the British colonists never made sweeping attempts to convert, marry, or trade with local Native Americans, although conflicts over land were common Economy & Society: The societies & economies of the British colonies were dependent upon the reasons people settled Southern colonies, like Virginia, had cash crop economies, large gaps between rich & poor farmers, & slave labor

The Spanish & French adopted Frontiers of Inclusion while the British used Frontiers of Exclusion By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France had large territorial claims in North America (but these colonies were not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims) These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native Americans already living there

Homework In your bins find and take one of the immigrant profiles. You must identify where this person settled in the New World based on their reason for immigrating You are to write a letter to someone back “home” in Europe identifying your experience and using examples from what you have learned today to convince that person to move to the New World This activity would work well with student pairs or groups of three