Topic: Evolution Aim: Describe the various piece of evidence for evolution. Do Now: 1. Take out your Sedimentary Rocks ISA. 2. Copy the topic and aim for today’s notes. HW: CL Genetics Due Tuesday 5/10

1 2 3 4 8 7 5 6 10 11 14 9 12 13 This pedigree chart shows a recessive trait being passed on through generations. What is the relationship between individuals 1 and 2? 2. How many offspring does the first generation have? 3. How many offspring do individuals 7 and 8 have? Which ones have the trait? 4. Identify the genotype of individual 7.

1 2 3 4 8 7 5 6 10 11 14 9 12 13 This pedigree chart shows a recessive trait being passed on through generations. What is the relationship between individuals 1 and 2? They are married. They have offspring. 2. How many offspring does the first generation have? 4 offspring.

1 2 3 4 8 7 5 6 10 11 14 9 12 13 This pedigree chart shows a recessive trait being passed on through generations. 3. How many offspring do individuals 7 and 8 have? Which ones have the trait? 4 offspring 11 and 13 4. Identify the genotype of individual 7. Heterozygous

Recombinant DNA Hybridization Genetic engineering Cloning Inbreeding 1. Identify the structure produced when combining DNA from two different organisms. 2. Identify the technique that is used to combine the desirable qualities of 2 different organisms. 3. Identify the technique in which humans change the genetic makeup of an organism. 4. Identify the technique which genetically identical offspring are produced by using the cells of an organism. 5. Identify the technique that is used to combine the desirable qualities of 2 organisms that are very similar. Recombinant DNA Hybridization Genetic engineering Cloning Inbreeding

Cloning an individual usually produces organisms that contain dangerous mutations (2) contain identical genes (3) are identical in appearance and behavior (4) produce enzymes different from the parent

Which process is most similar to the process of cloning? Fertilization (2) Vegetative propagation (3) Meiosis (4) Gamete formation

Which process could be used by breeders to develop tomatoes with a longer shelf life and to develop cows with increased milk production? natural selection   genetic engineering sporulation         (4) chromatography

Change in a species over time Evolution Change in a species over time

Ancestor Early form of an organism from which later forms have evolved from

Species X Species B, C and D Species A This is an evolutionary tree. Which species is the common ancestor? Which species are found in the present time? Which species have become extinct? Species X Species B, C and D Species A

Fossils Any trace or remains of an organism preserved by natural processes

Bones

Mold = shape preserved in rock as hollow form

Cast = mold filled with minerals and hardens

Petrifaction = remains of organism turns to stone

Can be found in sedimentary rock a. Identify the layer that contains the YOUNGEST FOSSILS. C b. Identify the layer that contains the OLDEST FOSSILS. A

c. Identify the layer that contains fossils that are MOST COMPLEX. d. Identify the layer that contains the LEAST COMPLEX. A

As move down layers, fossils become: Older Less complex More complex Least complex

youngest oldest

Anatomical evidence Homologous structures: similar structures with different functions

Similarities in embryological development Embryological evidence

FISH REPTILE BIRD (chicken) MAMMAL (human)

Similarities in DNA code Genetic evidence Similarities in DNA code

What do all of these similarities suggest? These organism evolved from a COMMON ANCESTOR

Let’s summarize… Define the term evolution. Change in a species over time 2. Where are fossils found? Sedimentary rock 3. Which layers have the youngest fossils? Upper layers 4. Identify some other pieces of evidence for evolution. Homologous structures Genetic evidence Embryological evidence

Structures that don’t seem to have a function Vestigial structures Structures that don’t seem to have a function Ex: Small leg bones in whales

Leg-like structures in skeleton of snakes

Vestigial organs indicate that they must have been present in a form in which they were highly functional in the ancestral forms.

(2.) show no similarity as adults   According to one theory, similarities in these embryos suggest common ancestry. As these embryos mature, they will most likely  (1.) develop new organs according to the nutritional requirements of each organism  (2.) show no similarity as adults  (3.) continue to closely resemble each other as adults  (4.) develop the distinctive characteristics of their species

The fossils found in layer B resemble the fossils found in layer A The fossils found in layer B resemble the fossils found in layer A. This similarity suggests that  (1.) the fossils in layer B were formed before the fossils in layer A  (2.) modern forms of life may have evolved from earlier forms of life  (3.) vertebrate fossils are only found in sediments  (4.) the fossils in layer A must be more complex than those in layer B

The term "evolution" is best described as a process of change in a population through time a process by which organisms become extinct the reproductive isolation of members of certain species the replacement of one community by another

Which pair of structures are homologous? (1) wing of an insect and wing of a bird (2) tentacle of a hydra and flipper of a whale (3) front leg of an insect and bones in the leg of a human (4) bones in the front leg of a dog and bones in the wing of  a bat

A study of the position and shape of the bones in the forelimbs of a flying squirrel, a bat, and a beaver showed that the beaver and the flying squirrel appear to be most closely related. This was most likely based on a study in the field of comparative  (1.) anatomy  (2.) biochemistry  (3.) embryology  (4.) cytology

Two nucleotide sequences found in two different species are almost exactly the same. This suggests that these species  (1.) are evolving into the same species  (2.) contain identical DNA  (3.) may have similar evolutionary histories  (4.) have the same number of mutations

Which species will most likely survive changing environmental conditions? A species with few variations A species that reproduces sexually A species that competes with similar species A species that has a limited life span

For these mammals, the number, position, and shape of the bones most likely indicates that they may have (1) developed in a common environment (2) developed from the same earlier species (3) identical genetic makeup (4) identical methods of obtaining food

The first life-forms to appear on Earth were most likely complex single-celled organisms (2) complex multicellular organisms (3) simple single-celled organisms (4) simple multicellular organisms

youngest Most complex oldest Least complex

4 2 (dad) How many generations are represented in the pedigree? 2. In generation 1, which parent is a carrier of the recessive gene? 4 2 (dad)

3. In generation 2, which individual marries someone who is pure dominant? 4. In which generation does the first case of sickle cell anemia appear? 3 3rd generation

5. Which generation contains the most male carriers. 6 5. Which generation contains the most male carriers? 6. Can 2 carriers produce a child with sickle cell anemia? 3rd generation Yes

7. Can a normal person produce offspring with sickle cell anemia. 8 7. Can a normal person produce offspring with sickle cell anemia? 8. Which parents produce 2 children with sickle cell anemia? No 15 and 16