1. Theory of Evolution

2. What is Evolution?
Evolution is a process of change through time. A change in species over time.
Theories of evolution provide an explanation for the differences and similarities in structure, function, and behavior among life forms.
Existing life forms have evolved from earlier ones, by gradual changes in characteristics through generations.

3. Supporting Observations
1. Geologic Records – contains fossils that indicate that simple organisms evolved into increasingly complex multicellular organisms.
a.The earth is 4.5 – 5 billion years old (determined by radioactive dating of rocks)
b.Fossils are direct or indirect remains of organisms preserved in tar, amber, rock, etc.
c.Fossils have been found indicating that organisms existed over 3 billion years ago.

4. Fossils

5. Fossil Evidence
The fossil sequence shows that the upper layers (strata) contain fossils of younger organisms, whereas the lower layers (strata) contain fossils of older organisms. The fossils in the upper strata resemble some of the fossils in the lower strata. This suggests links between older and younger organisms.

6. Supporting Observations
2. Comparative Anatomy - Shows similarities in anatomical features of seemingly different organisms.
Includes Homologous Structures

7. Homologous Structures
Anatomical parts that are similar in structure and origin, although they may currently have different functions.

8. Analogous Structures
Anatomical Structures that look different but have the same function.
Ex: whale and shark flipper
(whale skeleton is made of bone and shark skeleton is cartilage)

9. Analogous Structures

10. Supporting Observations
3. Comparative Embryology - Comparison of early embryonic development among groups of organisms reveal similarities which suggest common ancestry

11. Supporting Observations
4. Comparative Biochemistry - The closer the evolutionary relationship between organisms, the more alike the base sequences are on the DNA molecule. As a result, the more alike the amino acid sequences are that make up the proteins in the organisms.

12. Comparative Biochemistry
Baboon
Chimp
Lemur
Gorilla
Human
ASN
SER
ALA
THR
GLY
ASP
GLU
LYS
VAL
PRO
HIS
Differences between Humans
Baboon
Chimp
Lemur
Gorilla 5 7

13. Theories of Evolution
Attempts to explain the diversities among species. Adaptations are a major component of these theories.
Adaptation – any characteristic that allows an organism to survive in its environment.

14. Lamarck's Main Ideas
1. Use and Disuse - new organs or structures arise according to the needs of an organism. The size is determine by the degree to which they are used.
2. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics – useful characteristics acquired by an organism during its lifetime can be transmitted to its offspring. These result in the species being better suited to their environment.

15. Lamarck's Giraffes

16. Was Lamarck correct?
Tested by scientists who cut off mouse tails. The tailless mice were then bred. The result.....baby mice WITH tails.
This challenged Lamarck's two main ideas. The mice survived without tails, but did not pass on the “tailless” characteristic to their offspring.

17. Charles Darwin
1809 – 1892
Naturalist who traveled on the HMS Beagle documenting organisms.
Developed the Theory of Natural Selection

18. Theory of Natural Selection
Nature selects the organisms that are better adapted to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
There are 6 parts to the theory:
Overproduction
Competition
Variation
Survival of the Fittest
Transmission of favorable variations
Evolution of Species (Speciation)

19. Theory of Natural Selection
Overproduction More offspring are produced than can actually survive.

20. Theory of Natural Selection
Competition – Due to overproduction, organisms compete for resources (materials needed to survive. Ex: food, water, shelter)

21. Theory of Natural Selection
Variation – Individuals within a species can vary and have different traits.

22. Theory of Natural Selection
Survival of the Fittest During competition, individuals with favorable traits (adaptations) will survive. Those without favorable traits will die.

23. Theory of Natural Selection
Transmission of Favorable Traits Individuals with favorable traits survive and REPRODUCE, passing on their traits to another generation.
- High adaptive value traits get passed on.
- Low adaptive value traits die out.

24. Theory of Natural Selection
Speciation - Over many generations, favorable adaptations accumulate and many changes lead to the emergence of a new species.

25. Modern Theory of Evolution
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection is the presently accepted theory of evolution.
However, Darwin's theory did not explain sources of genetic variation
Variations within a species increase the chance of survival when conditions change.

26. Sources of Genetic Variation in a Population
1. Mutations – changes in base sequences in a gene that may cause variation and new characteristics.
Only mutations in gametes can become the basis for evolutionary change.
2. Sexual Reproduction - Genes are randomly combined, creating variation in offspring.
3. Isolation

27. Adaptive Value of Traits
Adaptive Value – some variations give individuals advantages over others in their struggle for survival. They have a high adaptive value.
In a changing OR unchanging environment:
traits with a high adaptive value increase the chance of survival and reproduction. They increase in frequency.
Traits with low adaptive value will decrease in frequency.

28. Sources of Genetic Variation in a Population
3. Isolation – Genetic variation may increase if populations (groups of one type of organism) are separated.
Geographic – Separated by a physical barrier
Reproductive – Individuals reproduce at different times (spring vs. fall)

29. Result of Isolation
The gene pools of isolated populations may become different as a result of isolation. The populations may change so much that they lose the ability to successfully interbreed and are now considered different species.
Ex: Galapagos Finches

30. Rate of Evolutionary Change
Not all populations evolve at the same rate.
Slow Evolution (Gradualism) – some populations change very little over millions of years, indicating that they are well adapted (suited) to their environment.
Ex: Horseshoe Crabs

31. Rate of Evolutionary Change
Rapid Evolution (Punctuated Evolution) - some populations of organisms change a lot over millions of years, indicating periods of stability with rapid periods of change and evolution.
Ex: Horses

32. Punctuated Evolution of Horses

33. Phylogenetic Tree
Phylogenetic trees show evolutionary pathways, and are used to show how closely related organisms are.
They are used to show/reveal:
All organisms come from a common ancestor
The relationship between different species
What species are extinct and still living
Evolution involves a gradual change

34. Phylogenetic Tree
Which organism is most closely related to the Hagfish? Why?

35. Phylogenetic Tree