Chapter 8

Battle of Fort Ticonderoga May 10, 1775 Controlled by 22 British soldiers Green Mountain Boys led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold walked into the fort and took over Took over ammunition and gun powder Huge boost in belief that patriots could win

II. The Battle of Bunker Hill 1st major battle of American Revolution b. Massachusetts, June 1775 c. British General William Howe defeated American troops. d. General Howe declared anyone helping the patriots would be considered a traitor! e. American troops lost the battle due to lack of ammunition

III. Common Sense "These are the times that try men's souls." a. Written by Thomas Paine in 1776 b. Inspired colonists to stick with their fight for independence from British rule

Congress declares Independence Declaration of Independence- written by Thomas Jefferson July 4th, 1776 Congress approved Declaration of Independence Sent to King George III

Battle of Long Island July 1776 British General Howe wanted to use New York as a military base c. General Washington also wanted to control New York d. British had more soldiers so Washington had to retreat from Long Island to fight another day

First submarine attack New York Harbor September 1776 b. The “Turtle” was invented by David Bushnell c. Targeted British HMS Eagle flagship d. Was supposed to place gunpowder on British ship but failed

Battle of Trenton December 26, 1776 General Washington crossed the Delaware River in a surprise attack on a British fort at Trenton, New Jersey Hessian soldiers (German soldiers hired by England) surrendered the fort

VIII. America has a flag a. June 1777 b. Sewed by Betsy Ross to boost the moral of Washington’s soldiers c. Washington felt that if the soldiers could “see” what their freedom would look like they would continue to fight

IX. Battle of Saratoga October 1777 British General Burgoyne was forced to surrender at Saratoga “Turning point” in war as a result of Burgoyne’s defeat, France decided to support American soldiers with money, supplies and ammunition to win the war

X. Battle of Yorktown a. 1778 Virginia French and Americans join together to defeat British General Lord Cornwallis British realize defeat and retreat

XI. Treaty of Paris September 3, 1783 Ben Franklin, and John Adams went to sign agreement with King George III to end the American Revolutionary War

Key Players in the War Patriots Loyalist Neutralist freedom from British control. Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Paine. 40 to 45 percent of the white population “Whigs” not in favor of War About 15 to 20 percent of population “Tories” or “Royalist” Avoided taking sides About 50% of population Pacifism, Lack of Understanding or status as immigrant were all factors Apathetic to the idea of war. About 50 of the white population For whatever reason, be it pacifism, lack of understanding, or because they were newly immigrated, these people avoided taking sides

Minorities Native Americans African Americans Women Torn on which side would support their cause Many joined British Viewed as “Savage” villains by patriots African Americans Hope of freedom British offered escaped slaves emancipation Continental Army promised freedom Still, freedom was more a hope than a reality Hypocrisy Women Took on roles abandon by men Often became impoverished Flocked to army camps Most Native American tribes east of the Mississippi were uncertain about which side, if either, to take during the Revolutionary War, and many remained neutral. A number of tribes, however, feared the Revolution would replace the British--who had worked hard to protect their lands from colonial encroachments--with the land-hungry colonials. As a result, these tribes fought with the British or took advantage of the situation and acted against the colonists on their own. Patriots viewed the Indians as a threat throughout the war. The patriots' use of the term savages for the Native Americans gives a good indication of their overall attitude toward most tribes. For some African Americans, the Revolution meant freedom. Because so much of the fighting in the last years of the war took place in the South, many slaves escaped to British lines. The British, hoping to weaken the American war effort, emancipated and evacuated thousands of ex-slaves. A few African Americans also won their freedom by fighting in the Continental Army despite the prejudices of patriot leaders. (This attitude changed somewhat during the course of the war.) For the vast majority of African Americans, however, the liberties touted by the American Revolution remained more promise than reality. Women's lives were also profoundly affected by the Revolutionary War. Women whose husbands and other male relatives went to war had to assume many of their responsibilities, whether it be the farm or small business. Since Continental Army soldiers were typically drawn from the lower ranks of society, many women did not have farms and businesses to fall back on. Cities throughout the United States witnessed growing populations of impoverished women. Many women did not stay at home when their husbands went off to war. These women flocked to the army camps to join male relatives. There they helped maintain army morale while doing traditional women's chores--cooking, laundry, nursing, and so forth. J A M E S _ A R M I S T E A D P a t r i o t _ S p y Author Unknown. Retrieved from http://africanamericanempowerment.blogspot.com/2009/05/unsung-african-american-heroes.html

Life for Loyalist Men often tarred & feathered, beaten, or killed If they joined militia, property and possessions were confiscated Women and children impoverished and homeless 20% forced to flee Original Author unknown Retrieved from http://www.historum.com/showthread.php?t=13813&page=14

Life of the New American New American identity Nation-building Articles of Confederation 13 colonies to 13 States of the United States Nation in debt