Schenck, Hooverizing, Draft, and the Great Migration The Home Front Schenck, Hooverizing, Draft, and the Great Migration

The Great Migration Henry Ford sent company agents to the south to recruit African American workers Desperate for workers after men left for war Promised high wages, steady work 300,000-500,000 African Americans left the South to move to northern cities for work

The Great Migration Great Migration- massive population movement of African American from the south to the north Drastically changed the culture of cities like Chicago, Detroit, New York, and Cleveland Changes politics: More African Americans vote in northern cities

Hooverizing Food Administration, run by Herbert Hoover Increased food production Decreased civilian consumption “Food will win the war, don’t waste it” Hooverizing- Encouraged families to go without certain things, conserve food, and grow their own vegetables in “victory gardens” Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays, Porkless Thursdays Leave more food for the troops

Hooverizing Harry Garfield, Fuel Administration Conserve Energy Daylight Savings Time enacted Shortened work weeks for factories that did not make war materials Heatless Mondays

Schenck v. United States Laws passed to limit opposition to the war and fight espionage Espionage- spying to get government information Espionage Act of 1917- makes it illegal to aid the enemy, give false reports, or interfere with the war effort by not supporting it Sedition Act of 1918- makes it illegal to speak against the war publicly 1,000 people convicted

Schenck v. United States 1917, Charles Schenck mailed anti-draft pamphlets to draftees telling them the draft was wrong Urged them to protest Schenck arrested, case goes to Supreme Court First Amendment issue of free speech “Clear and present danger”- if the speech threatens the efforts of the U.S. to effectively protect the country in time of war, it’s necessary to limit free speech Constitutional rights are not absolute, especially in times of war

Building the Military Selective Service- men ages 21-30 registered for draft, were pulled in a lottery, then a board of local community members selected who would serve 2.8 million Americans drafted for WWI 2 million men volunteered for military service “Great adventure” and a chance to stop German atrocities 50,000 Americans died in WWI 200,000 wounded 60,000 died from influenza epidemic of 1918-1919

Building the Military 400,000 African American men drafted 42,000 went overseas Segregation and discrimination Racially segregated military units commanded by white officers Women served in armed forces as non-combatants Clerical work Radio operators Electricians Pharmacists Chemists Photographers 12,000 Native Americans enlisted and fought in WWI for the U.S.