Chapter 2 Instructional Systems Presented By: Presented By: Shelly Romack Shelly Romack Instructional Technology and Media for Learning Smaldino, Russell, Heinich, Molenda

2 Instructional Systems An instructional system consists of a set of interrelated components that work together, effectively and reliably, within a particular framework to provide learning activities necessary to accomplish a learning goal. An instructional system consists of a set of interrelated components that work together, effectively and reliably, within a particular framework to provide learning activities necessary to accomplish a learning goal.

3 Instructional Systems Components Objectives Objectives Methods Methods Media Media Equipment Equipment Environment Environment People People

4 Instructional Systems Characteristics Directions Directions Synchronization Synchronization Group size Group size Location Location Costs Costs Time Time

5 Instructional Systems Common Principles Active participation and interaction Active participation and interaction Individual instruction Individual instruction Reinforcement or feedback Reinforcement or feedback Realistic context Realistic context Cooperative groups Cooperative groups

6 Categories Cooperative learning Cooperative learning Games Games Simulation Simulation Simulation games Simulation games Programmed instruction Programmed instruction Programmed tutoring Programmed tutoring Instructional Systems

7 Cooperative Learning Involves small heterogeneous groups of students working together to achieve a common academic goal or task while working together to learn collaboration and social skills Involves small heterogeneous groups of students working together to achieve a common academic goal or task while working together to learn collaboration and social skills Group members are responsible for each others learning as well as their own Group members are responsible for each others learning as well as their own ning.htm ning.htm ning.htm ning.htm

8 Cooperative Learning Advantages Active learningActive learning Social skillsSocial skills InterdependenceInterdependence Individual accountabilityIndividual accountability

9 Cooperative Learning Limitations Student compatibility Student compatibility Student dependency Student dependency Time consuming Time consuming Individualists Individualists Logistical obstacles Logistical obstacles

10 Cooperative Learning Integration Students learn to work together Students learn to work together Students can learn cooperatively not only by being taught but also by producing materials themselves Students can learn cooperatively not only by being taught but also by producing materials themselves

11 Cooperative Learning Computer Based Cooperative Learning Software programs can be used to encourage learners to work together Software programs can be used to encourage learners to work together Online Collaborative Learning The internet can be used for online collaborative learning The internet can be used for online collaborative learning

12 Games A game is an activity in which participants follow prescribed rules that differ from those of real life as they strive to attain a challenging goal. A game is an activity in which participants follow prescribed rules that differ from those of real life as they strive to attain a challenging goal.

13 Games Advantages Attractive Attractive Novel Novel Atmosphere Atmosphere Time on task Time on task

14 Games Limitations Competition Competition Distraction Distraction Poor design Poor design

15 Games Integration Instructional games are particularly well suited to: Attainment of cognitive objectivesAttainment of cognitive objectives Adding motivation to topicsAdding motivation to topics Basic skillsBasic skills VocabularyVocabulary

16 Games Adapting the content of instructional games teachers can change the subject matter but retain the original game structure. Examples include: Tic-Tac-ToeTic-Tac-Toe RummyRummy ConcentrationConcentration BingoBingo

17 Simulations A simulation is an abstraction or simplification of some real-life situation or process. A simulation is an abstraction or simplification of some real-life situation or process.

18 Simulations Advantages Realistic Realistic Safe Safe Simplified Simplified

19 Simulations Limitations Time consuming Time consuming Oversimplification Oversimplification

20 Simulations Simulation and Problem-Based Learning In problem based learning the learner is led toward understanding principles through grappling with a problem In problem based learning the learner is led toward understanding principles through grappling with a problem Most simulations attempt to immerse participants in a problem Most simulations attempt to immerse participants in a problem

21 Simulations Integration Training in motor skills Training in motor skills Instruction in social interaction and human relations Instruction in social interaction and human relations Development of decision making skills Development of decision making skills

22 Simulations Simulator A simulator is a device employed to represent a physical system in a scale- downed form. A simulator is a device employed to represent a physical system in a scale- downed form. Example: Flight Simulator

23 Simulations Role Plays Role play refers to a type of simulation in which the dominant feature is relatively open-ended interaction among people. Role play refers to a type of simulation in which the dominant feature is relatively open-ended interaction among people.

24 Simulation Games A simulation game combines the attributes of a simulation with the attributes of a game A simulation game combines the attributes of a simulation with the attributes of a game They combine characteristics of both simulations and games so they have advantages, limitations, and applications in common with both formats They combine characteristics of both simulations and games so they have advantages, limitations, and applications in common with both formats

25 Simulation Games Integration Instructional simulation games are found in curriculum applications that require repetitive skill practice associated with games and the reality context associated with simulations Instructional simulation games are found in curriculum applications that require repetitive skill practice associated with games and the reality context associated with simulations They are used by teachers to provide an overview of a large dynamic process They are used by teachers to provide an overview of a large dynamic process

26 Simulation Games Cooperative Simulation Games Games that challenge the body and imagination but that depend on cooperation for success Games that challenge the body and imagination but that depend on cooperation for success

27 Programmed Instruction Programmed instruction was chronologically the first instructional system and is an explicit application of principles of learning theory operant conditioning or reinforcement theory Programmed instruction was chronologically the first instructional system and is an explicit application of principles of learning theory operant conditioning or reinforcement theory ed_instruction ed_instruction ed_instruction ed_instruction

28 Programmed Instruction Advantages Self pacing Self pacing Practice and feedback Practice and feedback Effective Effective

29 Programmed Instruction Limitations Program design Program design Tedious Tedious

30 Programmed Instruction Integration Teachers can use a program to teach an entire course or a segment of a course Teachers can use a program to teach an entire course or a segment of a course Can be used as an enrichment activity Can be used as an enrichment activity

31 Programmed Tutoring Programmed tutoring (or structured tutoring) is a type of instructional system that provides one-to-one interaction. Programmed tutoring (or structured tutoring) is a type of instructional system that provides one-to-one interaction.

32 Programmed Tutoring Advantages Self-pacing Self-pacing Patience and feedback Patience and feedback Reliable Reliable Effective Effective

33 Programmed Tutoring Limitations Labor intensive Labor intensive Development cost Development cost

34 Programmed Tutoring Integration Reading and mathematics are the most popular subjects for tutoring Reading and mathematics are the most popular subjects for tutoring Remedial instruction is a typical application of tutoring programs Remedial instruction is a typical application of tutoring programs

The End Thank you! Thank you!