How Living Things Get Energy From Glucose

What Is ATP? Form of energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds

Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

ATP . . . supplies YOU with ENERGY!

We Get Energy From ATP . . By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates

The ADP-ATP Cycle ATP Energy released Energy used ADP

ATP is made in 2 Ways: 1. Cellular Respiration - takes place in both Plants & Animals

Cellular Respiration Process in which cells get energy from glucose. Requires oxygen – AEROBIC Results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules (That’s a LOT!)

Analogy: The mitochondria are the engines of our cells. Glucose is burned for fuel. The exhaust is CO2 & H2O.

Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36 ATP’s

3 Stages of Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Cellular Respiration Takes Place . . . in two parts of the cell: Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle & ETC take place in the Mitochondria

Review of Mitochondria Structure Smooth outer Membrane Folded inner membrane Folds called Cristae Space inside cristae called the Matrix

Glycolysis Process of splitting glucose (6 C) into two 3-C molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate). Produces 2 ATPs Reactant: Glucose Products: ATP = energy NADH = electron carrier 2 Pyruvic acids = will be broken down next * Does not require O2 - ANAEROBIC

Krebs Cycle Produces Requires Oxygen (Aerobic) Takes place in matrix of mitochondria Produces NADH (electron carrier) FADH2 (electron carrier) CO2 2 ATP

Electron Transport Chain Occurs on Inner Mitochondrial membrane Produces 34 ATP and H2O

2. Fermentation Occurs after glycolysis when O2 NOT present (anaerobic) Breaks down pyruvic acid (pyruvate) TWO TYPES: Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired) Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol) Nets only 2 ATP

Alcohol Fermentation Makes 2 ATP, alcohol, CO2 Products important in bread making and in beer and wine industries

Lactic acid fermentation Makes energy (2 ATP), CO2, and lactic acid Takes place in some fungi, some bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus - Yogurt), and occasionally in our muscles Lactic acid in yogurt gives the tart taste. Lactic acid in muscles causes soreness.