Next-Generation Power Management User Interface for Office Equipment Power Management Controls Bruce Nordman Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BNordman@LBL.gov http://eetd.LBL.gov/Controls sponsor: California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program

Overview Energy Background Project Rationale Controls Introduction Overall Plan Specific Plan Results

Office Equipment Energy Use Annual Electricity (TWh/year) No Power Management Now (ENERGY STAR) Potential (100% Enabling)

Energy Savings (U.S.) TWh/year $billion/year Existing 27.1 2.2 Potential 16.7 1.3 Current Power Mgmt. Enabling Rates: PCs: 25% Monitors: 60% Printers: 80% Copiers: 70%

Problem Existing Power Management Controls are: Hidden, Confusing, Absent Power Management Enabling Rates Low Lots of Wasted Energy Poor User Image of Energy Efficiency, Product Quality

Solution Create broadly similar interfaces for power / power management control across all office equipment and consumer electronics Accomplish this by creating a voluntary standard for interface elements Institutionalize the standard through international standards, industry standards, and marketing to industry Expected Result: Increased enabling rates and use of existing power management capability

Standard Controls

Cars: Gearshifts

Phones: Number Layout

Traffic Signs, Indicators

Non-standard Controls: Blenders

Non-Standard Controls Cell Phones

Office Equipment Power Management Terms On, Ready, Active, Idle, Standby*, Doze, Suspend, Sleep, Deep Sleep, Low-Power, Energy-Saver, Power-Saver, Hibernate, Energy Star Mode, Weekly Timer, Delay Timer, Idle Timer, Activity, Inactivity, Auto-off, Soft-off, Off.

Office Equipment: What Works

Office Equipment: The “Standby” Problem Suspend mode is known as standby mode under the Microsoft Windows 98 operating system. For systems with ACPI compliance, suspend mode is known as sleep mode” (Dell) stand-by mode” — Fully ready to copy but not copying. (ASTM Copier Test Procedure) “Stand-By — … an optional operating state of minimal power reduction …” (VESA Standard) “Standby power — The lowest power mode in which the appliance is plugged in …” (LBNL-Leaking/Standby Electricity) “Standby is … the lowest power state where the system is responsive to interrupts …” (PowerPC Reference Platform) "Suspend is currently ignored under Windows 95/98 and Windows 2000 because the terminology is ill-defined. “ (Microsoft) There is no distinction between Suspend and Standby in OnNow as there was previously under APM definitions" (Microsoft)

What Doesn’t Work: PC Indicators Sleep mode Awake

Existing power-related ISO/IEC “Graphical Symbols For Use On Equipment” Can you identify and define each of these?

Can you explain these buttons and indicator lights?

Overall Plan Existing Devices / Interfaces Develop New Standards (Voluntary) Market These to Institutions Manufacturers (PAC) International Standards Organizations Industry Institutions

Professional Advisory Committee (PAC) Provides project with Guidance, Review, Credibility Compaq Hewlett-Packard IBM Intel Microsoft Ricoh Samsung Sony Sun ITIC ENERGY STAR

Specific Plan Institutional Review Literature Review 22 Topics “Hard” Interface - Static Device Behavior - Dynamic Other Topics

Institutional Review “Who is Involved in Power Management Controls” Standards / Standards Committees (ISO/IEC) Graphical Symbols for Use on Equipment Indicator Lights Others Labeling Programs (e.g. ENERGY STAR) Trade Associations (e.g. ITIC) Manufacturers Technology Initiatives / Protocols

Literature Insights Project Rationale Existing Designs Approach Design Principles Metaphor Modes General UI Lit. — not specific to power controls Interactions / Transitions Indicator Lights Icons Norman / Macintosh

Topics: High Priority, #1 Basic symbols and switches & buttons Basic indicators Changing power states Transition indicators Underlying archetype of power management behavior, including basic terms

Topics: High Priority, #2 Controlled and controlling devices Remote indicators and controls Composite devices and diversity of low-power modes Power management ‘schemes’ Behavior based on wake event type Linked behavior Interactions with non-power modes

Topics: Medium / Low Priority Disability Culture Temporary changes System status after power failure Terminology Language Batteries Role of the term “ENERGY STAR” Self-monitoring Miscellaneous

“Hard” Interface Elements Terms Symbols/Icons Indicators Operating Metaphors Scope: Office Equipment (& Consumer Electronics)

Initial Recommendations Three basic power states: On, Off, Sleep “Power” term (switch / indicator) Change the international standard symbols for on/off, standby, and sleep Green / Amber / Off for power indicators Sleep metaphor (and moon)

Three Basic States On, Off, Sleep Within a state, device has consistent capability, behavior (e.g. state change) May have more states, but all mapped into forms of the basic three “Hibernate” problematic, but tentatively a form of Off

The Term “Power” For indicators, switches/buttons Need standard translation Possible “international word” (voice)

Power Symbols Drop as a symbol. Change meaning of from “Standby” to “Power” and too similar. Recommendation is most consistent with current usage on products.

Indicators Use Green / Amber / Off for On / Sleep / Off Blinking only for transitions or non-power meanings Possible standard (optional) audio indications Cyberspace?

Sleep - Metaphor and Symbol “Sleep” is most compelling metaphor, and has clear extensions (e.g. “waking up”). is already common and seems clear

PC Sample State Diagram

Device Behavior (Dynamic) Taxonomy of device types User expectations Device feedback Consistency Remote controls, indicators

Further User Interface Work Lighting controls Real-time price response controls

Questions / Comments Process Recommendations