Final Review In Text: Chapters 1-3, 5-10, 12, 15-16

Ch. 1: Introduction Why study PLs? Language evaluation criteria Two main influences on PL design 5 paradigms Implementation strategies  Final Exam Review 

Ch. 2: History and Evolution What are the major contribution(s) of each language? Examples: Support for recursion Introduction of block structure First in a paradigm First formally described syntax Etc. Most important to review: FORTRAN, LISP, ALGOL  Final Exam Review 

Ch. 3: Syntax and Semantics BNF & EBNF What makes a grammar ambiguous? How do you disambiguate a grammar? What does it mean for two grammars to “generate the same language”? Operational semantics Axiomatic semantics Applying axiomatic semantics to code segments Loop invariants, 5 criteria Denotational semantics  Final Exam Review 

Ch. 5: Names and Binding What are the six attributes? What do they mean? Binding and possible binding times Type checking Two type compatibility methods Scope vs. lifetime  Final Exam Review 

Ch. 6: Data Types Primitive types Type constructors: Arrays Records Unions Sets Pointers Design issues Type checking issues  Final Exam Review 

Ch. 7: Expressions Precedence rules Associativity rules Order of operand evaluation Type conversions: widening and narrowing Type coercions vs. explicit conversions Mixed-mode expressions Relational and boolean expressions Short-circuit evaluation  Final Exam Review 

Ch. 8: Control Structures Design issues Selection One-way Two-way Multi-way Iteration Counter-controlled Logically-controlled Gotos Guarded statements  Final Exam Review 

Ch. 9: Subprograms Definitions Referencing environment What are the common parameter passing modes and mechanisms? Independent vs. separate compilation Advanced subprogram issues  Final Exam Review 

Ch. 10: Implementing Subprograms Activation records Accessing locals Accessing nonlocals (static scoping) Static chains Displays Implementing blocks Accessing nonlocals with dynamic scoping  Final Exam Review 

Ch. 12: Object-Oriented PLs What are the three defining characteristics of OOP languages? What are the other hallmarks of OOP? Definition of OOP terms Familiarity with Smalltalk Design issues for OOPLs  Final Exam Review 

Ch. 15: Functional Programming What are the hallmarks of FP? Definition of FP terms Scheme syntax You’ll have to write a Scheme function  Final Exam Review 

Ch. 16: Logic Programming What are the hallmarks of LP? Definition of LP terms Prolog syntax You should be able to read Prolog code  Final Exam Review 