1. Final Review
In Text: Chapters 1-3, 5-10, 15-16

2. Overview
Expect approximately 40% of questions to be driven by topics raised in the two rounds of presentations
Expect approximately 40% of questions to be from chapters 9, 10, 15, and 16
Expect remaining questions to recap core ideas from the first half of the semester
Expect at least one Prolog code writing question (possibly two), and likely one Scheme code writing question
 Final Exam Review 

3. Ch. 1: Introduction Why study PLs? Language evaluation criteria
Two main influences on PL design
5 paradigms
Implementation strategies
 Final Exam Review 

4. Ch. 2: History and Evolution
What are the major contribution(s) of each language?
Examples:
Support for recursion
Introduction of block structure
First in a paradigm
First formally described syntax
Etc.
Most important to review: FORTRAN, LISP, ALGOL
 Final Exam Review 

5. Ch. 3: Syntax and Semantics
BNF & EBNF
What makes a grammar ambiguous?
How do you disambiguate a grammar?
What does it mean for two grammars to “generate the same language”?
Operational semantics
Axiomatic semantics
Applying axiomatic semantics to code segments
Loop invariants, 5 criteria
Denotational semantics
 Final Exam Review 

6. Ch. 5: Names and Binding
What are the six attributes? What do they mean?
Binding and possible binding times
Type checking
Two type compatibility methods
Scope vs. lifetime
 Final Exam Review 

7. Ch. 6: Data Types Primitive types Type constructors: Arrays Records
Unions
Sets
Pointers
Design issues
Type checking issues
 Final Exam Review 

8. Ch. 7: Expressions Precedence rules Associativity rules
Order of operand evaluation
Type conversions: widening and narrowing
Type coercions vs. explicit conversions
Mixed-mode expressions
Relational and boolean expressions
Short-circuit evaluation
 Final Exam Review 

9. Ch. 8: Control Structures
Design issues
Selection
One-way
Two-way
Multi-way
Iteration
Counter-controlled
Logically-controlled
Gotos
Guarded statements
 Final Exam Review 

10. Ch. 9: Subprograms Definitions Referencing environment
What are the common parameter passing modes and mechanisms?
Independent vs. separate compilation
Advanced subprogram issues
 Final Exam Review 

11. Ch. 10: Implementing Subprograms
Activation records
Accessing locals
Accessing nonlocals (static scoping)
Static chains
Displays
Implementing blocks
Accessing nonlocals with dynamic scoping
 Final Exam Review 

12. Ch. 15: Functional Programming
What are the hallmarks of FP?
Definition of FP terms
Scheme syntax
You’ll have to write a Scheme function
 Final Exam Review 

13. Ch. 16: Logic Programming What are the hallmarks of LP?
Definition of LP terms
Prolog syntax
You should be able to read Prolog code
 Final Exam Review 