Genetics and Pedigrees How do we track and predict genetic traits through generations?

The Royal House of Hapsburg Major ruling family for much of Europe for generations. Known for the “Hapsburg Jaw” and the “Hapsburg Lip.” What would their Pedigree look like?

This is the Pedigree for the “Hapsburg Jaw”

Lets start with a simple Genetic Trait and Pedigree Something with an easily visible phenotype. Something easily charted for pedigree.

Example of Trait = Albinism, lack of melanin in skin. Pedigree Charts Show relationships within a family In genetics: Used to show how an inherited trait is passed through a family Example of Trait = Albinism, lack of melanin in skin.

Explanation of Symbols Circle = female Square = male Normal or without trait = unshaded Trait = shaded

Symbols If an individual has one recessive allele for a trait, the person is a carrier. This is shown with a half- shaded square or circle.

Symbols Married couple or couple producing offspring = horizontal line connecting midpoint of circle and square

Symbols Multiple Offspring One offspring How do you differentiate between a brother and sister and a husband and wife on a pedigree? Multiple Offspring

Generations Each generation is (often) labeled with a Roman numeral. Oldest generation at top of pedigree Current generation at bottom

Generations Individuals in each generation may be numbered or named. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 Individuals in each generation may be numbered or named. Siblings are placed in birth order from left to right.

Analysis How many offspring were produced by generation 1? Number of boys? Girls? How many of generation II were married with children? Deaths are shown with a slash. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5

Polydactyl Trait Who is the first individual with the trait on the pedigree chart? Who did individual #7 generation III inherit the trait from?

Polydactyl Trait Based on the pedigree chart, is the trait for multiple digits (fingers and toes) dominant or recessive? How can you tell?

Analysis of a Recessive Trait How many individuals on this pedigree have the trait? How many are carriers?

HINT: Dominant Traits NEVER skip a generation Analyzing a Trait HINT: Dominant Traits NEVER skip a generation Sometimes a pedigree is drawn without the carriers shown. Can you tell if the trait is recessive or dominant? Explain.

Dominant or Recessive Trait?

Dominant or Recessive Trait?

Now that you have a deeper understanding of Genetic Pedigree, lets take another look at the Hapsburgs Question: Is the “Hapsburg Jaw” a recessive or dominant trait?