Unit 2 Что у меня есть?.

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Presentation transcript:

Unit 2 Что у меня есть?

Outline Administrative Nominative singular (m, f, n) (review) Personal pronouns (he, she, it, they) Nominative plural Possessive pronouns (my, your [ты́, вы́], his, her, their, whose) Adjectives (nominative singular and plural)

Nominative singular All genders have hard and soft variants Masculine (о́н) Neuter (оно́) Feminine (она́) Hard сто́л–Ø окн–о́ газе́т–а Soft слова́р–ь пла́ть–е неде́л–я А́нгли–я Other и́м–я тетра́д–ь All genders have hard and soft variants Masculine: ends in a consonant sound (hard or soft) Neuter: ends in the sound /o/ or /e/ (spelled –о, –ё, or –е) Exception: и́мя ends in –мя Feminine: ends in the sound /a/ (spelled –а or –я) Exception: some feminine words end in soft sign The only ambiguity is that words that end in a soft sign may be masculine (слова́рь) or feminine (тетра́дь)

О́н, она́, оно́, они́ Где́ футбо́лка? Она́ зде́сь. Где́ па́спорт? О́н зде́сь. Где́ письмо́? Оно́ зде́сь. Где́ окно́? Где́ кни́га? Где́ часы́? Они́ зде́сь.

Nominative plural All genders have hard and soft variants Masculine (о́н) Neuter (оно́) Feminine (она́) Hard стол–ы́ о́кн–а газе́т–ы Soft словар–и́ пла́ть–я неде́л–и Other имен–а́ тетра́д–и All genders have hard and soft variants Masculine: ends in the sound /i/ (spelled –ы or –и) Neuter: ends in the sound /a/ (spelled –а or –я) Exception: и́мя changes its stem before it adds the –а Feminine: ends in the sound /i/ (spelled –ы or –и) Includes feminine in soft sign Masculine and feminine have the same endings, neuter is different

Hard and soft endings /a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/ Ø Hard а э ы о у Soft я е и ё ю ь Plural: они́ Masculine (о́н) Neuter (оно́) Feminine (она́) Hard стол–ы́ о́кн–а газе́т–ы Soft словар–и́ пла́ть–я неде́л–и Other имен–а́ тетра́д–и

Nominative plural, hard and soft студе́нты студе́нт кассе́та кассе́ты слова́рь словари́ журна́лы журна́л ве́рсии ве́рсия о́тчества о́тчество пла́тья пла́тье

What’s wrong with these plural? кни́га гара́ж америка́нка каранда́ш Plural: они́ Masculine (о́н) Neuter (оно́) Feminine (она́) Hard стол–ы́ о́кн–а газе́т–ы Soft словар–и́ пла́ть–я неде́л–и Other имен–а́ тетра́д–и кни́ги америка́нки карандаши гаражи

The “7-letter spelling rule” After the letters к, г, х, ж, ч, ш, щ к, г, х: velars ж, ч, ш, щ: hushers (does not include ц) Never write ы Never write ы Instead write и карандаш ы́ и́ кни́г и ы руба́шк ы и ру́чк ы и рюкзак и́ ы́ сапог и́ ы́

Mobile (fleeting) vowels The vowel in words that end in –ок and –ец (and some others) is usually lost when an ending is added Подар́ о к и америка́н е ц ы

Plurals: regular and irregular Some plurals reflect the 7-letter spelling rule, some are indeclinable, some are completely regular, and some are irregular. Which are which? окно́ о́кна до́м дома́ пальто́ ве́рсия ве́рсии тетра́дь тетра́ди кни́га кни́ги

Plurals: stress shifts Some plurals reflect stress shifts, and some only appear to do so. Which are which? окно́ о́кна до́м дома́ слова́рь словари́

Possessives: Masculine Че́й э́то моби́льник, ва́ш? Не́т. О́н не на́ш. Э́то его́ моби́льник.

Possessives: Neuter Чьё э́то ра́дио, ва́ше? Не́т. Оно́ не на́ше. Э́то его́ ра́дио.

Possessives: Feminine Чья́ э́то кассе́та, ва́ша? Не́т. Она́ не на́ша. Э́то его́ кассе́та.

Possessives: Plural Чьи́ э́то журна́лы, ва́ши? Не́т. Они́ не на́ши. Э́то его́ журна́лы.

Possessives: Masculine Че́й э́то компью́тер, тво́й? Не́т. О́н не мо́й. Э́то её компью́тер.

Possessives: Neuter Чьё э́то письмо́, твоё? Не́т. Оно́ не моё. Э́то её письмо́.

Possessives: Feminine Чья́ э́то игра́, твоя́? Не́т. Она́ не моя́. Э́то её игра́.

Possessives: Plural Чьи́ э́то очки́, твои́? Не́т. Они́ не мои́. Э́то её очки́.

Possessive Adjectives Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural (all genders) че́й чьё чья́ чьи́ мо́й моё моя́ мои́ тво́й твоё твоя́ твои́ на́ш на́ше на́ша на́ши ва́ш ва́ше ва́ша ва́ши его́, её, и́х never change Notes: че́й, мо́й, тво́й are end-stressed на́ш, ва́ш are stem-stressed его́, её, и́х never change его́ is pronounced like ево́

Possessive Whose visa is this? Is it yours? (ты́) Чья́ э́то ви́за? Она́ твоя́?

Possessive Whose passport is this? Is it yours? (ты́) Че́й э́то па́спорт? О́н тво́й?

Examples of Adjectives На́ш до́м но́вый. «Петро́вич»—ру́сское о́тчество. Ва́ша маши́на больша́я? Не́т, она́ ма́ленькая. Э́ти кни́ги интере́сные.

The “5-letter spelling rule” After the letters ц, ж, ч, ш, щ Stressed о is okay Unstressed о is replaced by е Neuter adjectival ending is –ое Regular: но́вый, но́вое, но́вая, но́вые Stressed: большо́й, большо́е, больша́я, больши́е No 5-letter rule Unstressed: хоро́ший, хоро́шее, хоро́шая, хоро́шие 5-letter rule

Masc/Neut. sg. adjective end-stress rule The ending for the mNsg is –ый when stress does not fall on the ending но́вый (но́вая) Like almost all endings, it has a soft variant (–ий) си́ний (си́няя) This ending may be modified by the 7-letter rule америка́нский (америка́нская) The ending for the mNsg is –о́й when stress falls on the ending большо́й

Adjectives 7 7 7 5 7 7 Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural (all genders Regular но́вый но́вое но́вая но́вые 7-letter rule ру́сский ру́сское ру́сская ру́сские 7- and 5-letter rule хоро́ший хоро́шее хоро́шая хоро́шие end stress большо́й большо́е больша́я больши́е naturally soft си́ний си́нее си́няя си́ние 7 7 7 5 7 stress 7 си́ний has a soft stem, so all endings are soft

How not to learn adjective endings Don’t try to memorize the preceding chart as if there were five different arbitrary paradigms

How to learn adjective endings Memorize the forms for но́вый (this is the basic paradigm). Soft adjectives (e.g., си́ний) have exactly the same endings as но́вый, except that they use softening vowel letters. Adjectives whose stems end in к, г, х, ж, ч, ш, щ (e.g., америка́нский) have exactly the same endings as но́вый, except that they are modified by the 7-letter rule. Adjectives whose stems end in ц, ж, ч, ш, щ (e.g., хоро́ший) have exactly the same endings as но́вый, except that they are modified by the 5-letter rule (nNsg хоро́шее). Adjectives with stress on the endings (e.g., большо́й) have exactly the same endings as но́вый, except that the mNsg in –о́й instead of –ый.

Adjectives 7 7 7 5 7 7 Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural (all genders Regular но́вый но́вое но́вая но́вые 7-letter rule ру́сский ру́сское ру́сская ру́сские 7- and 5-letter rule хоро́ший хоро́шее хоро́шая хоро́шие end stress большо́й большо́е больша́я больши́е naturally soft си́ний си́нее си́няя си́ние 7 7 7 5 7 stress 7 си́ний has a soft stem, so all endings are soft

By the way … The 7-letter rule is not just about adjectives. ы is replaced by и after к, г, х, ж, ч, ш, щ everywhere in the language (The 5-letter rule is not as general. For now, think of it as a rule about adjective ending.)

Practice with Adjectives Во́т (old) (cassette) пле́йер. Во́т ста́рый кассе́тный пле́йер. Э́то (interesting) письмо́. Э́то интере́сное письмо́. Во́т (our) (new) кни́ги. Во́т на́ши но́вые кни́ги. Где́ (my) (dark blue) ма́йка? Где́ моя́ си́няя ма́йка? У ва́с (good) ра́дио? У ва́с хоро́шее ра́дио? Где́ (Russian) студе́нты? Где́ ру́сские студе́нты?

Э́тот vs. э́то Э́тот журна́л мо́й. Э́то мо́й журна́л. Э́то письмо́ моё. Э́то моё письмо́ . Э́та газе́та моя́. Э́то моя́ газе́та . Э́ти очки́ мои́. Э́то мои́ очки́ . This magazine in mine. This is my magazine.

Practice with adjectives These books are mine. Э́ти кни́ги мои́. These are good books. Э́то хоро́шие кни́ги. This is a big university. Э́то большо́й университе́т. This university is in Moscow. Э́тот университе́т в Москве́.

Practice with adjectives This newspaper is mine. Э́та газе́та моя́. This letter is scandalous. Э́то письмо́ сканда́льное. This is a scandalous book. Э́то сканда́льная кни́га. This book is dull. Э́та кни́га неинтере́сная.