1. Pronunciation, Syllabification, Punctuation and Intro to Nouns
Introduction to Greek
By Stephen Curto
For Intro to Greek
Sept 4, 2016

2. Outline Review Vocabulary Pronunciation Syllabification Punctuation
Intro to Nouns

3. Review
Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ, ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω

4. Review
Vowels:
α, ε, η, ι, ο, υ, ω

5. Review
Homework #2. When do you find the two different forms of sigma?

6. Review Homework #2. When do you find the two different forms of sigma?
σ In any position except the last letter in a word.
ς When it’s the last letter in a word.

7. Review
Homework #3-5 will be answered throughout today’s lesson.

8. Vocabulary
Iota subscript: A tiny ι that sometimes appears under a vowel
Syllabification: how to divide words into syllables (Sound groups)
Diphthong: two vowels pronounced as a unit with one sound
Breathing Marks: marks above initial vowels or rho’s that tell you whether or not to add an “h” sound.

9. Pronunciation (Pgs. 9-10)
Letters are pronounced like the initial sound in their name.
γαμμα nasal: when followed by γ, κ, χ, or ξ gamma is pronounced like an “n”
E.g. ἀγγελος – angelos – angel
Breathing marks:
Rough ἁ
Smooth ἀ

10. Pronunciation (Pgs. 9-10)
Letters are pronounced like the initial sound in their name.
γαμμα nasal: when followed by γ, κ, χ, or ξ gamma is pronounced like an “n”
E.g. ἀγγελος – angelos – angel
Breathing marks:
Rough ἁ
Smooth ἀ

11. Pronunciation (Pgs. 9-10) Breathing Marks
Only appear over vowels that begin a word
Rough:
Opens right
Looks like a tiny “c”
Makes a hard “h” sound
Smooth:
Opens left
Looks like a tiny backwards “c”
Does not change pronunciation
Is essential to the spelling of a word

12. Pronunciation (Pgs. 9-10) Breathing Marks
Only appear over vowels that begin a word
Rough:
Opens right
Looks like a tiny “c”
Makes a hard “h” sound
Smooth:
Opens left
Looks like a tiny backwards “c”
Does not change pronunciation
Is essential to the spelling of a word

13. αι ει αυ ευ οι υι ου ηυ Pronunciation (Pgs. 9-10) Diphthongs
A diphthong is two vowels that produce one sound
E.g. should, ointment, aisle
8 Greek Diphthongs: αι ει αυ ευ οι υι ου ηυ

14. ᾳ ῃ ῳ = usually seen at the end of a word
Pronunciation (Pgs. 9-10)
Diphthongs
Pronounce diphthongs like the two separate letters “smushed” together
See pronunciation examples on page 10
Improper Diphthongs/Iota subscripts:
Some diphthongs formed with an iota are pronounced as if there is no diphthong. The meaning is still unique, but the pronunciation is the same as if the iota were absent.
ᾳ ῃ ῳ = usually seen at the end of a word

15. Syllabification (Pgs. 14-15)
Greek syllabifies the same way English does.
Simply sounding out words will tell you the syllables.
The “Clap” method
1 Syllable per vowel/diphthong.

16. Syllabification (Pgs. 14-15)
Examples
ἄγγελος ἄγ γε λος
ἀμήν ἀ μήν
ἄνθρωπος ἄν θρω πος
ἔσχατος ἔσ χα τος
Just follow your heart with syllabification. You’ll do fine. 

17. Punctuation (Pg. 13) 4 punctuation characters in Greek.
Comma “,”
period “.”
semi-colon “.”
question mark “;”
Apostrophe: indicates a final vowel has been dropped for smoother reading.
ἀπο ἐμου > ἀπ᾽ἐμου
Diaeresis: indicates that what looks like a diphthong should be pronounced as two separate vowels
E.g. naïve or Ἠσαϊας

18. Punctuation (Pg. 13) 3 accents
Acute ά
Grave ὰ
Circumflex ᾶ ᾶ
Accents used to indicate a specific type of pronunciation (up or down).
Nowadays, simply stress the syllable with the accent.
ἄγγελος (not ἀγγέλος nor ἀγγελός)

19. Intro to Nouns (Pgs. 22-26) Inflection
Inflection occurs when a word performs a different function or carries a different meaning.
E.g. “She is my wife and I love her.”
E.g. “Egg > Eggs”, or “jump>jumped>jumping”
Inflection is simply a word taking on a slight change in form to give you extra information. Greek is a HIGHLY inflected language.

20. Intro to Nouns (Pgs. 22-26) Case
All nouns have a case determined by their function in a sentence.
3 English Noun cases:
Subject (the thing doing the verb) “Bill threw the ball.”
Possession (the thing possessing something) “That is Bill’s ball. It’s his!”
Object (the thing the verb is being done to) “Bill threw the ball.”
Greek has 5 Cases, to be discussed next class.

21. Intro to Nouns (Pgs. 22-26) Number
All nouns have a number determined by the amount of “things” they are describing.
2 “numbers” in English:
Singular
Plural
Greek has the same numbers.

22. Intro to Nouns (Pgs. 22-26) Gender
Some nouns have a gender in English. (seen most easily in pronouns)
3 Genders in English:
Masculine “He did it.”
Feminine “She did it.”
Neuter “It did it.”
Greek has the same genders.
NOT “male” or “female” – those are sexes.

23. Homework Read Chapters 4-5 Workbook Exercises 4 and Review 1
Read through 1 John 1:5-2:5 multiple times.
Know All the Diphthongs, and Vocab on pages 16-17

24. Adjustments to Syllabus?