Part I: Atoms, elements and compounds
Matter:
Matter: the substance or substances of which any physical object is made
Matter: the substance or substances of which any physical object is made All matter in the universe is made of 92 naturally occurring . They cannot be broken down into simpler particles by chemical reactions. They are located on the periodic table.
Matter: the substance or substances of which any physical object is made All matter in the universe is made of 92 naturally occurring elements . They cannot be broken down into simpler particles by chemical reactions. They are located on the periodic table.
Matter: the substance or substances of which any physical object is made All matter in the universe is made of 92 naturally occurring elements . They cannot be broken down into simpler particles by chemical reactions. They are located on the periodic table. Example:
Matter: the substance or substances of which any physical object is made All matter in the universe is made of 92 naturally occurring elements . They cannot be broken down into simpler particles by chemical reactions. They are located on the periodic table. Example: Oxygen
Matter: the substance or substances of which any physical object is made All matter in the universe is made of 92 naturally occurring elements . They cannot be broken down into simpler particles by chemical reactions. They are located on the periodic table. Example: Oxygen The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element is an .
Matter: the substance or substances of which any physical object is made All matter in the universe is made of 92 naturally occurring elements . They cannot be broken down into simpler particles by chemical reactions. They are located on the periodic table. Example: Oxygen The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element is an atom .
Matter: the substance or substances of which any physical object is made All matter in the universe is made of 92 naturally occurring elements . They cannot be broken down into simpler particles by chemical reactions. They are located on the periodic table. Example: Oxygen The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element is an atom . A pure element is made of 1 type of atom.
Two or more elements that are chemically combined in definite proportions form a . Example:
Two or more elements that are chemically combined in definite proportions form a compound . Example:
Two or more elements that are chemically combined in definite proportions form a compound . Example: water
Two or more elements that are chemically combined in definite proportions form a compound . Example: water The smallest particle of a compound that has the properties of that compound is a .
Two or more elements that are chemically combined in definite proportions form a compound . Example: water The smallest particle of a compound that has the properties of that compound is a molecule .
Two or more elements that are chemically combined in definite proportions form a compound . Example: water The smallest particle of a compound that has the properties of that compound is a molecule . An abbreviation for an element is called a . The first letter is always capitalized Example:
Two or more elements that are chemically combined in definite proportions form a compound . Example: water The smallest particle of a compound that has the properties of that compound is a molecule . An abbreviation for an element is called a symbol. The first letter is always capitalized Example:
Two or more elements that are chemically combined in definite proportions form a compound . Example: water The smallest particle of a compound that has the properties of that compound is a molecule . An abbreviation for an element is called a symbol. The first letter is always capitalized Example: O or He
Two or more elements that are chemically combined in definite proportions form a compound . Example: water The smallest particle of a compound that has the properties of that compound is a molecule . An abbreviation for an element is called a symbol. The first letter is always capitalized Example: O or He An abbreviation for a compound is called a . This shows the number of atoms of each element found in one molecule. Example:
Two or more elements that are chemically combined in definite proportions form a compound . Example: water The smallest particle of a compound that has the properties of that compound is a molecule . An abbreviation for an element is called a symbol. The first letter is always capitalized Example: O or He An abbreviation for a compound is called a formula. This shows the number of atoms of each element found in one molecule. Example:
Two or more elements that are chemically combined in definite proportions form a compound . Example: water The smallest particle of a compound that has the properties of that compound is a molecule . An abbreviation for an element is called a symbol. The first letter is always capitalized Example: O or He An abbreviation for a compound is called a formula. This shows the number of atoms of each element found in one molecule. Example: H2O
Part II: Structure of atoms Key Idea: Each type of atom consists of three different subatomic particles in differing amounts. Part II: Structure of atoms
Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location Proton Neutron Electron
Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location Proton + Neutron Electron
Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location Proton + 1 Neutron Electron
Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location Proton + 1 Nucleus Neutron Electron
Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location Proton + 1 Nucleus Neutron None Electron
Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location Proton + 1 Nucleus Neutron None Electron
Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location Proton + 1 Nucleus Neutron None Electron
Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location Proton + 1 Nucleus Neutron None Electron -
Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location Proton + 1 Nucleus Neutron None Electron -
Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location Proton + 1 Nucleus Neutron None Electron - Outside nucleus
Atomic number: It also equals the number of because an atom has a neutral charge. The positive protons cancel out the negative electrons.
Atomic number: the number of protons found in the nucleus It also equals the number of because an atom has a neutral charge. The positive protons cancel out the negative electrons.
Atomic number: the number of protons found in the nucleus It also equals the number of electrons because an atom has a neutral charge. The positive protons cancel out the negative electrons.
Atomic number: the number of protons found in the nucleus It also equals the number of electrons because an atom has a neutral charge. The positive protons cancel out the negative electrons. Atomic mass: To determine the number of neutrons in an atom, you should subtract the from the atomic mass.
Atomic number: the number of protons found in the nucleus It also equals the number of electrons because an atom has a neutral charge. The positive protons cancel out the negative electrons. Atomic mass: the number of protons + the number of neutrons To determine the number of neutrons in an atom, you should subtract the from the atomic mass.
Atomic number: the number of protons found in the nucleus It also equals the number of electrons because an atom has a neutral charge. The positive protons cancel out the negative electrons. Atomic mass: the number of protons + the number of neutrons To determine the number of neutrons in an atom, you should subtract the # of protons from the atomic mass.
Part III: Chemical bonding (makes compounds) Key Idea: Atoms form bonds in order to fill their outer electron shell and become stable. Part III: Chemical bonding (makes compounds)
Covalent Bonds Definition: _____________________________ ______________________________________ Atoms form covalent bonds to try to fill their outer electron shell, or the ___________ shell The number of covalent bonds an atom can form depends on the number of electrons in its outer shell, or the number of ___________ _________________.
Covalent Bonds Definition: 2 atoms share electrons in an attempt to fill the outer electron shell Atoms form covalent bonds to try to fill their outer electron shell, or the ___________ shell The number of covalent bonds an atom can form depends on the number of electrons in its outer shell, or the number of ___________ _________________.
Covalent Bonds Definition: 2 atoms share electrons in an attempt to fill the outer electron shell Atoms form covalent bonds to try to fill their outer electron shell, or the valence shell The number of covalent bonds an atom can form depends on the number of electrons in its outer shell, or the number of ___________ _________________.
Covalent Bonds Definition: 2 atoms share electrons in an attempt to fill the outer electron shell Atoms form covalent bonds to try to fill their outer electron shell, or the valence shell The number of covalent bonds an atom can form depends on the number of electrons in its outer shell, or the number of valence electrons.
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 Oxygen Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 2 Oxygen Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) Oxygen Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 Oxygen Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 Oxygen Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 Oxygen 8 Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 Oxygen 8 Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 Oxygen 8 6 (2nd Shell) Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 Oxygen 8 6 (2nd Shell) Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 Oxygen 8 6 (2nd Shell) Nitrogen
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 Oxygen 8 6 (2nd Shell) Nitrogen 7
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 Oxygen 8 6 (2nd Shell) Nitrogen 7
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 Oxygen 8 6 (2nd Shell) Nitrogen 7 5 (2nd Shell)
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 Oxygen 8 6 (2nd Shell) Nitrogen 7 5 (2nd Shell) 3
Complete the Chart Element Total # of Electrons # of Electrons in the First Shell # of Electrons in the Valence Shell # of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell # of Covalent bonds it can form Hydrogen 1 1 (1st Shell) Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 Oxygen 8 6 (2nd Shell) Nitrogen 7 5 (2nd Shell) 3 *HONC – 1 2 3 4; number of bonds each forms
Examples Each line represents 1 bond Both molecules have each electron making correct number of bonds so each atom is stable and happy
Polar Covalent Bond Definition: Oxygen and nitrogen are electron hogs and often form polar covalent bonds with the atoms they are bound to. They tend to have a partial negative charge. The other atom in the bond has a partial positive charge.
Polar Covalent Bond Definition: a covalent bond where the atoms don’t share the electrons equally. One atom in the bond holds the electron closer. Oxygen and nitrogen are electron hogs and often form polar covalent bonds with the atoms they are bound to. They tend to have a partial negative charge. The other atom in the bond has a partial positive charge.
Examples O H H
Examples O H H
Examples O H H
Nonpolar covalent bond Definition:
Nonpolar covalent bond Definition: the electrons shared by the adjacent atoms in the bonds are shared equally
Nonpolar covalent bond Definition: the electrons shared by the adjacent atoms in the bonds are shared equally Examples:
Nonpolar covalent bond Definition: the electrons shared by the adjacent atoms in the bonds are shared equally Examples:
Ionic Bond Definition: Ion- Can be positive ( electrons) or negative Occurs because one atom wants to gain an electron to fill its valence shell so bad it will rip electrons away from another atom that wants to get rid of an electron so it can have a full valence shell.
Ionic Bond Definition: Bond (attraction) between a positive ion and a negative ion Ion- Can be positive ( electrons) or negative ( electrons) Occurs because one atom wants to gain an electron to fill its valence shell so bad it will rip electrons away from another atom that wants to get rid of an electron so it can have a full valence shell.
Ionic Bond Definition: Bond (attraction) between a positive ion and a negative ion Ion-atom that lost or gained an electron Can be positive ( electrons) or negative ( electrons) Occurs because one atom wants to gain an electron to fill its valence shell so bad it will rip electrons away from another atom that wants to get rid of an electron so it can have a full valence shell.
Ionic Bond Definition: Bond (attraction) between a positive ion and a negative ion Ion-atom that lost or gained an electron Can be positive (lost electrons) or negative ( electrons) Occurs because one atom wants to gain an electron to fill its valence shell so bad it will rip electrons away from another atom that wants to get rid of an electron so it can have a full valence shell.
Ionic Bond Definition: Bond (attraction) between a positive ion and a negative ion Ion-atom that lost or gained an electron Can be positive (lost electrons) or negative (gained electrons) Occurs because one atom wants to gain an electron to fill its valence shell so bad it will rip electrons away from another atom that wants to get rid of an electron so it can have a full valence shell.
Example
Example
Example
Practice A fluorine atom has 9 protons and 10 electrons. Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative ion? A nitrogen atom has 7 protons and electrons. Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative ion? A calcium atom has 20 protons and 18 electrons. Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative ion?
Practice A fluorine atom has 9 protons and 10 electrons. Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative ion? Negative extra e- A nitrogen atom has 7 protons and electrons. Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative ion? A calcium atom has 20 protons and 18 electrons. Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative ion?
Practice A fluorine atom has 9 protons and 10 electrons. Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative ion? Negative extra e- A nitrogen atom has 7 protons and electrons. Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative ion? Neutral (+) = (-) A calcium atom has 20 protons and 18 electrons. Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative ion?
Practice A fluorine atom has 9 protons and 10 electrons. Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative ion? Negative extra e- A nitrogen atom has 7 protons and electrons. Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative ion? Neutral (+) = (-) A calcium atom has 20 protons and 18 electrons. Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative ion? Positive 2 extra p+
Hydrogen Bond Definition:
Hydrogen Bond Definition: attraction between 2 polar compounds; partial positive hydrogen in one molecule is attracted to partially negative oxygen or nitrogen in another molecule
Example