Political Theory Born 1588 Tutor for Baron of Hardwick’s family Significant time in Europe—scientific revolution Translation of History of the Peloponnesian War The Elements of Law, Natural and Political = Human Nature and De Corpore Politico Math tutor for Charles II in Paris Thomas Hobbes

Political Theory Leviathan (1651): Theory of civil government in relation to the political crisis resulting from the English Civil War State of Nature: All have a right to everything in the world Due to scarcity, there is a constant, and rights-based, "war of all against all" Life in the state of nature is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" To end war, he forms peaceful societies by entering into a social contract Frontispiece of Leviathan

Political Theory Society: Population Under an authority Whom all individuals in that society promise just enough of their natural right Authority to be able to insure internal peace and a common defense Sovereign should be a Leviathan, an absolute authority whether monarch, aristocracy or democracy Frontispiece of Leviathan

Political Theory Society: Hobbes preferred monarchy Abuses of power by this authority are to be accepted as the price of peace separation of powers is rejected: the sovereign must control civil, military, judicial and ecclesiastical powers Frontispiece of Leviathan

Political Theory Born 1632 Educated in medicine and philosophy Personal physician to Earl of Shaftesbury, founder of the Whig political party Letters on Toleration First and Second Treatises of Civil Government—written to defend the Glorious Revolution An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Accompanied Mary II, wife of William III, back to England in 1688 John Locke

Political Theory Society: Original state of nature was happy and characterized by reason and tolerance Adding labor to objects provided a way of adding them to our own personal property Inalienable rights: all human beings were equal and free to pursue life, health, liberty, and possessions Government could only be legitimate if it received the consent of the governed through a social contract

Political Theory Society: 5. Government protected the natural rights of life, liberty, and estate 6. Right of Rebellion If citizen consent was not given If government failed to protect inalienable rights of citizens

Political Theory Mayflower Compact Decision: Stay Relocate Land patent granted by James I to London Virginia Company in 1619 (red area) Navigation errors and weather locate them off course into land chartered to the Plymouth Company (green area) Decision: Stay Relocate

Political Theory Mayflower Compact Stay, but…..

Political Theory Mayflower Compact Concepts: Notion of a social contract Establish a civil government Majority rule model Proclaim the settlers’ allegiance to the king Belief in covenants

Political Theory Mayflower Compact “solemnly and mutually in the presence of God, and one another” “covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic” (group organized for government) “our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends” “by virtue (authority) hereof, to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices from time to time”

Political Theory Mayflower Compact “as shall be thought most meet (fitting) and convenient for the general good of the colony” “we promise all due submission and obedience”

Political Theory Mayflower Compact “as shall be thought most meet (fitting) and convenient for the general good of the colony” “we promise all due submission and obedience”