(brief descriptions) Documentary research Case studies Action research

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(brief descriptions) Documentary research Case studies Action research Unobtrusive research (brief descriptions) Documentary research Case studies Action research

Unobtrusive research Studying economic or social behavior without affecting it (can be qualitative and/or quantitative). Examining ´clues´ instead of actual behavior. Some unobtrusive research types: Content analysis (e.g. documentary research) Secondary statistical data analysis Unobtrusive online research Comparative and historical research Meta-analysis of research papers

Content/documentary analysis The study of recorded human communications or products (books, websites, paintings, etc.). Considerations: Topics appropriate Conceptualization Units of data collection vs. units of analysis Sampling (units of analysis) Coding (transforming raw data into standardized form) Manifest content (surface) Latent content (underlying meaning)

Useful sources (examples only) Communications (e-mails, letters, blogs, social media etc.) Individual (personal) records (diaries, notes, calendars etc.) Organizational sources (agendas, administrative records, policy statements, reports, book keeping etc.) Government sources Media sources (TV, radio, online media, printed media etc.)

An example (recording table for TV violance vs. target group research)

(source: http://keithsneuroblog.blogspot.hu) Meta-analysis (source: http://keithsneuroblog.blogspot.hu)

Advantages May have fewer resource requirements Unobtrusive Longitudinal studies may be feasible Can provide comparative and contextual data Can result in unforeseen discoveries Permanence of data

Disadvantages May be collected for a purpose that does not match your need Access may be difficult or costly Aggregations and definitions may be unsuitable No real control over data quality Initial purpose may affect how data are presented