History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian Conditions that led to change Prosperity and Peace prevail in Europe and America Cities begin to grow and improve Advent of Mass Transit –The railroad and automobile Spread the population density out –middle and upper class Workers begin to unionize Cities like Chicago are home to the political “machines” Cities like Chicago become home to organized crime History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian People oppose the past No more classical ornament John Ruskin, Seven Lamps of Architecture Ruskin was against modernism Believed everything should be hand crafted His philosophy gave birth to the “Arts & Crafts” Movement Desire to be different and new Better understanding of nature Look toward the future (e.g.,science fiction) New artistic expression Led to Art Nouveau period History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

The Aesthetic Movements Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain Beginning in Britain – 1850-1900 Europe US – Crafts man Movement The Crafts man Movement in United States Gustav Stickley Richardson Roots of Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain Ruskin Morris Webb Links to Modernism Voysey Mackmurdo Mackintosh History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

The Aesthetic Movements Roots of Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain He wrote Seven lamps of architecture Sacrifice, truth, power, beauty, life, memory, obedience John Ruskin – writer, theorist and critic Machine made things are truly tasteless and gaudy and handcrafted things were honest in terms of function, materials and techniques of production. Excessive and ugly ornamentation is to be abolished but meaningful decoration devised by the craftsmen is to be welcomed. History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

The Aesthetic Movements Roots of Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain William Morris Red House – 1859-60 Designed by Philip Webb Founded the firm “Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. to produce tapestries, wall papers and furniture handcrafted Irregular plan – result of its function Functional simplicity Interior - white walls, vaulted ceiling, and wood detail.. The hinges were hand cast and painted. Morris chairs – arm chairs with adjustable tilt backs History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

The Aesthetic Movements Roots of Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain William Morris Factory production stopped creativity in products Textile designs – nature motifs – plants, flowers and birds Simplicity and dignity History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

The Aesthetic Movements Roots of Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain Philip Webb Designed furniture for use in Morris’s interiors Standen – interiors paneled up close to the ceiling – generally white painted Straightforward design Wardrobe design – painted by Burne Jones History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

The Aesthetic Movements Links to Modernism Charles Voysey Design for wall papers, carpets and textiles Furniture designs were simple, craft based Close in spirit to modernism The interior space is very simple: he covered the walls with a violet fabric just to eye level then painted everything above white. The tiles around the fireplace hearth are pale green. Though he did not align himself with modernists of his time, to our eyes, this room is fresh, light and very modern. History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

The Aesthetic Movements Links to Modernism Mackmurdo Closer link to Art Nouveau Woodcut showing sinuously curved leaves, flowers and lettering in the graphic style Furniture design – use of related flowing curved forms History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

The Aesthetic Movements Links to Modernism Charles Rennie Mackintosh Scotland often used simple, geometric forms introduced exaggerated proportions, extreme high chair backs, and white or black paint finishes with decorative details in violet, silver, or gold History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian

The Aesthetic Movements The Craftsman Movement in the United States Gustav Stickley Made a trip to England, Paris Simple furniture design – massive form made in solid oak- wooden joints, iron hardware, leather cushions Ornamentation was minimal or non existent History of Interior Design Sofia Sebastian