The Transition Metals

General Properties of Transition Metals Do Now: What do you know already about the transition metals?

What do we know about the d-block? Transition metals The outer e- are in the d sub-shell. “Transition metals are d-block elements that form one or more stable ions with incompletely filled d-orbitals” Why are Sc and Zn d-block elements, but NOT transition elements? This slide is a repeat of one in the redox topic Pupils should know that answer to the question. Only Ti-Cu in the first row are transition metals. Sc and Zn have e in the d sub-shell, but they do not form any stable ions with partially filled d sub-shell (Sc3+ would be 1s22s22p63s23p6) (Zn2+ would be 1s22s22p63s23p63d10) Sc1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2 Zn1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2

What are Transition Metals? Transition metals form at least one stable ion with a partially filled d sub-shell. Top row transition metals: Ti – Cu According to the definition ... Sc is not a transition metal (Sc and Sc3+) Zn is not a transition metal (Zn and Zn2+)

Electronic Configurations Task: Complete the electronic configurations for the following atoms and ions (Use shorthand notation e.g., [Ar] ...) Remember! 4s fills and empties before 3d Fe [Ar] 4s2 3d6 Cu [Ar] 4s1 3d10 Fe3+ [Ar] 3d5 Cu+ [Ar] 3d10 Sc This is on p2 of the TM Chemsheets booklet Ask pupils to complete the rest of p2 Remind pupils about: Cr [Ar] 4s1 3d5 Cu [Ar] 4s1 3d10 4s1 so that half or full d sub-shell ... More stable [Ar] 4s2 3d1 Cu2+ [Ar] 3d9 Sc3+ [Ar] Zn [Ar] 4s2 3d10 V [Ar] 4s2 3d3 Zn2+ [Ar] 3d10 V2+ [Ar] 3d3 Cr [Ar] 4s1 3d5

Characteristics of TM They are all metals, so your task is to list their characteristics… Hard Strong Shiny High mpt and bpt Good conductors of heat and electricity Act as catalysts Form coloured ions and compounds Form ions with different oxidation states Form ions with incompletely-filled d-orbitals TM tend to be stronger , more dense and less reactive than the metals in Groups 1 and 2.

Uses of TM Their physical properties together with their fairly low chemical reactivity make the TM very useful Fe (and alloy steel) for vehicles and to reinforce concrete Cu for water pipes Ti for jet engine parts that need to withstand high temps

1) They form coloured ions The majority of TM complexes are coloured e.g., Cu2+ (aq) is blue - CuSO4

2) They form complexes (ligands form co-ordinate bonds to the metal ion) [Cu(H2O)6]2+ [CuCl4]2- [Cu(H2O)6]2+ formed when CuSO4 dissolves in water

3) They exhibit variable oxidation states Often have more than one oxidation state in their compounds, e.g., Cu(I) and Cu(II) So they can take part in many redox reactions

4) They show catalytic activity Ni Margarine production V2O5 Contact Process making SO3 for H2SO4 Fe Haber process to make NH3 Pt, Pd Catalytic converters MnO2 Decomposition of H2O2 Question pupils on the catalysts – they should know Vanadium(V) oxide and iron from Unit 2

Oxidation States What is the oxidation of the TM in the following compounds? TiO3 CuSO4 KMnO4 CoSO4 V2O5 MnCl2 TiCl4 K2CrO4

Oxidation States What is the oxidation of the TM in the following compounds? Ti2O3 +3 CuSO4 +2 KMnO4 +7 CoSO4 +2 V2O5 +5 MnCl2 +2 TiCl4 +4 K2CrO4 +6

Quick Check: True or False TM are very useful because they are generally more reactive than Group 1 and Group 2 metals. The electronic configuration of Cr is [Ar] 4s2 3d4 Zn is not a TM The oxidation state of vanadium is VCl3 is +3 The 4 chemical properties of TM are: Catalysis, formation of coloured ion, formation of complex ions, formation of hydroxides in water

Quick Check: True or False TM are very useful because they are generally more reactive than Group 1 and Group 2 metals. The electronic configuration of Cr is [Ar] 4s2 3d4 Zn is not a TM The oxidation state of vanadium is VCl3 is +3 The 4 chemical properties of TM are: Catalysis, formation of coloured ion, formation of complex ions, formation of hydroxides in water