Objective: I can explain how enzymes work and what environmental factors affect them. Agenda Bell Ringer Notes over enzymes Enzyme lab

Enzymes

What Are Enzymes? Most enzymes are Proteins (tertiary and quaternary structures) _____________________________________________ Not permanently changed in the process

Enzymes Are specific for what they will catalyze Are Reusable End in –______ -Sucrase -_______ -Maltase

How do enzymes Work? Enzymes work by ____________________________________________________________

Enzymes Without Enzyme With Enzyme Free Energy Progress of the reaction Reactants Products Free energy of activation

Enzyme-Substrate Complex The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on is the ___________ Enzyme Joins Substrate

Active Site A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate. Active Site Enzyme Substrate

Induced Fit A change in the shape of an enzyme’s active site ____________________________________

Induced Fit A change in the configuration of an enzyme’s active site (H+ and ionic bonds are involved). Induced by the substrate. Enzyme Active Site substrate induced fit

What Affects Enzyme Activity? Three factors: 1. Environmental Conditions 2. ______________________ 3. Enzyme Inhibitors

The environmental factors that affect enzyme activity are pH Temperature ____________________

Affects of temperature on an enzyme If temp to high or to low the enzyme will not fit. No reaction will occur.

How pH affects an enzyme __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

pH ________________________________________________________________________________________ If the pH is to low or to high the enzyme will work slow because the change in pH changes the shape of the enzyme making it harder for the substrate to fit in.

Analyze the graph at what pH does Chymotrypsin function best?

Temperature Enzymes function best at an optimum temperature depending on the type of enzyme it is. As the temperature rises the enzyme and substrate molecules move quicker causing more collisions to occur, there for creating more products. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is the optimal temp for this enzyme?

Substrate Concentration At low substrate concentrations, collisions between enzymes and substrate molecules are rare and reactions are slow. As the amount of substrates increase so does the collisions between enzymes and substrates. ______________________________________________________________________________

2. Cofactors and Coenzymes Inorganic substances (zinc, iron) and vitamins (respectively) are sometimes need for proper enzymatic activity. Example: Iron must be present in the quaternary structure - hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen.

Two examples of Enzyme Inhibitors a. ________________: are chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrate and compete with it for the active site. Enzyme Substrate Competitive inhibitor

Inhibitors b. Noncompetitive inhibitors: Inhibitors that do not enter the active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change its shape, which in turn alters the active site. Enzyme Noncompetitive Inhibitor Substrate active site altered

Allosteric Enzymes Have two binding spots; one for substrate and one for allosteric effector ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Allosteric inhibitor-binds to enzyme to make enzyme inactive