Organic Chemistry

When you hear the word “organic” what comes to mind?

What is organic chemistry? *Mostly found or produced in nature or any living things (biomolecule) *Usually a chain or rings of carbon atoms *Typically carbon bonding to itself, and other non-metals (H2, N2, O2, S and halogens) Exceptions: carbonates (CO, CO2, Na2CO3) and oxides

Carbon Bonding * # valence electrons allow for a How many valence electron for a carbon? * # valence electrons allow for a very stable structure. *Most basic is a hydrocarbon (ex. ____NAME__ CH4 with a tetrahedral shape) *Allows for variety of allotropes: (1)diamond—strong (2)graphite– soft (3)fullerenes--spherical

Organic Chem Notes Chp. 20.2 *Define key vocabulary terms, simplify *For each type of alkanes, describe and sketch *Include Table 20.1 (skip the extended formula) Chp. 20.3-20.4 *Include Table 20.2 *Simplify and paraphrase rules for naming alkanes pg. 643 *Read the section, answer #4 and 5 pg. 648

Front ---simplest hydrocarbons, saturated Formula: C-C (single bond) Suffix: –ane Example: Ethane Alkanes Inside 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec Based on the table above, draw a methane and an ethane compounds. Using the same table, create a propane structure.

Alkene Alkyne Formula: C=C (double bond) Suffix: –ene Example: Butene Front Inside Formula: C=C (triple bond) Suffix: –yne Example: Hexyne -- Alkyne

Attachments or Side Chains ALKYLS # of Carbons Methyl 1 Ethyl 2 Propyl 3 Butyl 4 HALOGENS NAME Cl Chloro Br Bromo F Fluoro I Iodo

Rules for Naming Alkanes Find longest chain  write name # parent C- chain  lowest # for the attachment Name attachment (see alkyls or halogen table) Indicate which Carbon (#) attachment is found Multiple attachments that are the same type state # using prefix (ex. di, tri) #-prefix-alkyl (alphabetized)-base alkane

#1 #2 #3 #4

3-methyl pentane 3-ethyl-2-methyl pentane 3,4-dimethyl hexane 2,2,3-trimethyl butane

Alkenes and Alkynes (Chp.20.7) --- double and triple bonds in a hydrocarbon chain --- rules are similar to alkanes except: *-ene for double bonds *-yne for triple bonds *# of where multiple bonds use lowest

Practice: Name the following #1 #2

ANSWER #1 #2 3-methyl-1-butene 2,2-dimethyl -1-propene

Alkene and Alkynes Practice Problems: Draw the structure 1.) 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexene 2.) 4-methyl-2-pentene 3.) 3-methyl-1-pentyne 4.) 6-ethyl-2-octyne 5.) 2-iodo-3,4-diethyl-4-methyl-2-hexene 6.) 2-bromo-4-ethyl-5,6-dimethyl-4-octyne 7. 4-Bromo-5-Ethyl-6-Propyl-5,8-decene

CLASS ACTIVITY: Functional Groups Note Cards page 660-670 General Formula Examples Naming Rules/ Properties/Uses Amines Ethers Alcohols Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic acid Esters

Amines *Formula: *Example: Ethylamine * Naming: * Properties: suffix use --amine Front Very similar to ammonia, reactive to water Inside

Alcohol *Formula: R -OH *Example: Ethanol * Properties: product of distillation *Formula: R -OH Alcohol *Naming: suffix use --ol Front Inside

Ethers *Formula: *Example: Methyl Propyl Ether *Naming: * Uses: naming each of the two carbon groups as a separate word followed by a space and the word ether. Front Diethyl ether was once used extensively as an anesthetic Inside

Ester O *Formula: R-C-O-R’ *Example: Methyl Ethanoate *Naming: The shorter C- chain will be the side group, the longer will be the main name with suffix –oate Front Inside

Aldehydes O *Formula: R-C-H *Example: Propanal * Naming: * Properties: suffix use --al Front Found at the end of C-chains Inside

Ketones O *Formula: R-C-R’ *Example: 2-pentanone * Naming: * Properties: *Formula: R-C-R’ Ketones suffix use --none Front Found in the middle of chain Inside

Carboxylic Acid O *Formula: R-C-O-H *Example: Pentanoic Acid * Naming: * Properties: *Formula: R-C-O-H Carboxylic Acid suffix use --oic Front Some common named compounds include formic acid and acetic acid Inside

CLASS ACTIVITY: Functional Group Notecards Create the rest of the cards using the same set up for each functional group. Use your textbook for resource. (NOTE: create your cards by cutting out a printer paper into 8 equal size note cards) Per. 1-3– page 660-670 Per. 4-6—page 598-606 *Remaining Functional Groups: Alcohols/Aldehydes/Ketones/Carboxylic Acid/Esters

What is an isomer? *Using your materials create a saturated (4 bonds) hexane structure. * Rearrange your hexane and create an isomer. Original stucture is called n-hexane but isomers can be called isohexane

Naming Alkanes: Practice Problems Pt. I: Draw the following alkanes 1.) 2,3-dimethylhexane 2.) 3-ethyl-4-dimethylheptane 3.) 5-ethyl-3-methyloctane 4.) 7-butyl-2,4-dimethyl-6-propyldecane Pt. II: Name the following alkanes 6. 5.

Check Practice Problem pg. 648 4. a. 3-methylheptane b and c. 2,3-dimethylbutane d. 2,3,4- trimethylheptane 5. Isomers of C8H18

Create Flash Cards/ Playing Cards DRAW EACH ONE Methane CH4 METHYL DRAW Ethane C2H6 ETHYL Propane C3H8 PROPYL Butane C4H10 ISOPROPYL Pentane C5H12 BUTYL Hexane C6H14 ISOBUTYL Heptane C7H16 Octane C8H18 ALKANE HYDROCARBON/ SINGLE BONDS Nonane C9H20 ALKENE HYDROCARBON/ DOUBLE BONDS Decane C10H22 ALKYNE HYDROCARBON/ TRIPLE BONDS

Flow Chart to determine functional groups

Practice Problem: Identify what type of functional group and name the structure 2. 2. 3. 4. (alcohol) 2-butanol (ester) Ethyl propanoate (amines) methylamine (carboxylic acid) ethanoic acid

5. 6. 7. 8. 5. (aldehyde) ethanal 6. (ethers) ethyl methyl ether 5. 6. 7. 8. 5. (aldehyde) ethanal 6. (ethers) ethyl methyl ether 7. (ketone) 3- pentanone 8. (aldehyde) propanal

Create functional group structures

AROMATICS BENZENE RING– distinct smell/ 6-carbon ring/ one one plane Ethyl benzene Propyl benzene 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene (TNT)

Other Aromatic

POLYMERS Repeating monomers or smaller subunits Organic substances and synthetic substances What are some examples of polymers?

Examples Ex. proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, plastic, rayon, styrofoam etc.

Symbol Type of material Polyethylene terephalate (PET or PETE) High density  polyethylene  (HDPE) Polyvinyl chloride  (V or Vinyl or PVC) Low density  polyethylene  (LDPE) Polypropylene(PP) Polystyrene (PS) Other

Article: Thirsty Polymers What polymer is used in baby diapers and simulates the inside portion of cactus? What is the potential amount of water that can be absorbed by this polymer. List 5 common examples of polymers? Explain how this polymer is able to absorb water (include the discussion of cross-linkers) 4. If the water is a salt solution, how would this affect the absorption capability. Explain. 5. What are the other uses of this polymer (in use and in development)?