THE FRENCH REVOLUTION & NAPOLEON CH. 18 Leading to a Revolution Financial Troubles Revolution! Reign of Terror The Age of Napoleon

FRENCH REVOLUTION Then it’s a revolt?” Upon hearing that the Bastille in Paris was overthrown, blood was splattered, and heads were paraded down the streets on spikes, King Louis XVI exclaimed, “The Duke giving the news replied, “No Sire, It’s a revolution!” What is the difference between a “revolt” and a “Revolution?” Then it’s a revolt?”

FRENCH REVOLUTION WHAT DO YOU THINK PROVOKED CITIZENS OF PARIS TO STORM THE BASTILLE?

I. Leading to a Revolution France hung onto an ancient regime, or old order, where citizens were separated into 3 classes, or estates. Estates: 1st estate: clergy (religious leaders) 2nd estate: nobility (rich aristocrats) 3rd estate: everyone else (farmers, workers, Bourgeoisie) BOURBON DYNASTY HENRY IV of France, 1553-1610, king of France (1589-1610) Edict of Nantes 1598 LOUIS XIII, 1601-1643, king of France (1610 - 1643), son of Henry IV LOUIS XIV, 1638–1715, king of France (1643–1715), son of Louis XIII, personal rule after 1661 LOUIS XV, 1710–74, king of France (1715–74), great-grandson of King Louis XIV LOUIS XVI, 1754–93, king of France (1774–92), third son of the dauphin (Louis) and Marie Josèphe of Saxony, grandson and successor of King Louis XV. Executed in 1792. Middle Class!! The 3 estates were extremely uneven.

I. Leading to a Revolution The clergy of the Roman Catholic Church made up the First Estate Owned 10% of land in France but paid little in taxes to the gov’t

I. Leading to a Revolution The Second Estate was made up of rich nobles Owned 20% of French land but were exempt from paying taxes

I. Leading to a Revolution The Third Estate made up 97% of the population & included poor peasants but also the well-educated middle class (bourgeoisie) This group paid 50% of their income in taxes

I. Leading to a Revolution The members of the Third Estate resented the special treatment the First & Second Estates received They gained inspiration from the Enlightenment ideas of John Locke, Voltaire, & Rousseau After the success of the American Revolution, the Third Estate began demanding democracy, equality, & liberty in France BOURBON DYNASTY HENRY IV of France, 1553-1610, king of France (1589-1610) Edict of Nantes 1598 LOUIS XIII, 1601-1643, king of France (1610 - 1643), son of Henry IV LOUIS XIV, 1638–1715, king of France (1643–1715), son of Louis XIII, personal rule after 1661 LOUIS XV, 1710–74, king of France (1715–74), great-grandson of King Louis XIV LOUIS XVI, 1754–93, king of France (1774–92), third son of the dauphin (Louis) and Marie Josèphe of Saxony, grandson and successor of King Louis XV. Executed in 1792.

II. Financial troubles The French government faced massive debts due to decades of lavish spending, expensive wars, & poor economic planning By 1789, half the budget went towards interest on the national debt; 25% of people were unemployed The excessive spending by King Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette angered French citizens They thought of her as a symbol of extravagance

What do you think each estate was advising the king to do…. II. Financial troubles By 1789, France was out of money & faced a serious financial crisis Louis XVI called an emergency meeting of the Estates-General where members from all 3 classes could advise the king What do you think each estate was advising the king to do….

Role Play Class Activity: From the perspective on your card, develop a plan that could save France! decide to vote by order or by head, & present your ideas to the king. Get your perspective Sit in your designated area Develop your plan Develop which way you want to vote present your ideas to the king

“vote by order or by head”

II. Financial troubles During the Estates-General, the First & Second Estates voted to increase taxes on the Third Estate The First & Second Estates decided to vote by order (1 vote per estate) rather than by head (by person) These decisions angered the members of the Third Estate who believed their rights were being violated

II. Financial troubles The Third Estate formed a new National Assembly (congress) to make laws for the French people. In 1789, the National Assembly swore to a Tennis Court Oath promising a new constitution & limitations on the king’s power.

“Men are born free and equal in rights” II. Financial troubles The National Assembly wrote their revolutionary ideals in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen which said: “Men are born free and equal in rights” Rights include “liberty, property, security, & resistance to oppression” It guaranteed freedom of speech, & freedom of religion, & equal justice

IIi. Revolution! Citizens attacked the prison Bastille to seize weapons to defend themselves against royal troops. http://youtu.be/X_314gkqrdw The storming of the Bastille in 1789 represented the beginning of the French Revolution The storming was a wake up call to King Louis XVI that they were challenging the existence of a monarchy.

Extremists that want to destroy any form of Monarchy. IIi. Revolution! In 1791, Louis XVI finally agreed to a new constitution with a limited monarchy. The constitution was successful, but did not appeal to radicals (Jacobins). Extremists that want to destroy any form of Monarchy. Fearing the spread of France’s revolutionary ideas, Austria & Prussia issued the Declaration of Pilnitz – threatening to intervene to save the French Monarchy

IIi. Revolution! The Declaration of Pilnitz challenged French Radicals, believing that they would back down Radicals took over power in the Legislative Assembly (Government) in 1792, overthrew the Monarchy and created a Republic Then declare war on Austria, Prussia, Britain and other Monarchs throughout Europe. Warring lasted on and off till 1815. This begins the radical phase of the Revolution….

IIi. Revolution! The slogan of the French Revolution became: “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

IIi. Reign of Terror In 1793, King Louis XVI was arrested, convicted of treason, & executed by guillotine http://youtu.be/EnnNueXuRXs