The Neutrino Oscillation Industry n Sources Solar n (made by nuclear fusion in the sun) Atmospheric n Accelerator n Supernova n Cosmological remnant n Reactor n Energetic Astrophysical Systems

SNO Water around Heavy Water (D2O) Acrylic Vessel

MINOS A neutrino beam from Illinois to Minnesota

Outline Neutrino History n Oscillations World Tour of n Experiments Solar n Atmospheric n Long-Baseline Accelerator n Nu opportunities Superbeams/ n factories

Testing Oscillations In the design of any neutrino oscillation experiment, you want to measure something (x) which will be different if oscillations exist; e.g. Nevent , R=NC/CC, Nkink In general, x = x(q,Dm2) often x~ x(Pn1n2)

What SNO tells us

nt interaction discovery DONUT - Fermilab beam dump experiment published 2000 nt expected from Ds tnt decay 203 n events in photographic emulsion See 4 events, expect 4.1  1.4 Background from charm & hadrons 0.41  0.15

Atmospheric n‘s

The truth about n’s What we know: What we want to know q23~45o; Dm223~.001-.01 eV2 q12 & Dm223 SMA, LMA, LOW or just-so sin2q13 < 0.05 What we want to know Dm223 better Which solar solution? See oscillations See t’s ------------------------------------------------ see q13 or limit to 10-3 CP violation Matter effects Sign of Dm223

Definitions of “Long-Baseline” How Long is Long? Definitions of “Long-Baseline” (my use is for accelerator based experiments) Webster - (long - measuring much, or more than usual, from end-to-end in space or time) Practical - Off site Useful (Beam) - The distance from the n source to the detector is much greater than the length of the decay pipe. Useful (Physics) - L >> En/Dm2

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Future n spectra

Superbeams need $ on powerful proton drivers (0.5-4MW) e.g. BNL to Homestake (SD) or WIPP (New Mexico) JHF to Super-Kamiokande Fermilab to Soudan/Homestake/WIPP more protons yield more n’s challenges: target cooling; ground water radiation; accelerator and power costs; ne backgrounds reach in sin22q ~ 10-3

n factory

Conclusion The n world is one in which there has been much recent progress (n mass; mixing). New insights are expected soon (KamLAND, Borexino, K2K, MINOS) Another round of experiments at “superbeams” and n factories will tell us more.